The relationship between pain intensity and anxiety, injection speed, and intraocular pressure changes during intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injection: the observational pilot study

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dc.contributor.authorKurt, Ali
dc.contributor.authorAltindal, Emin Utku
dc.date.accessioned2026-01-24T12:29:09Z
dc.date.available2026-01-24T12:29:09Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.departmentAlanya Alaaddin Keykubat Üniversitesi
dc.description.abstractPurpose To evaluate the relationship between the pain severity and the injection speed, anxiety, and intraocular pressure changes during the intravitreal injection (IVI) of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents. Methods The 84 eyes were prospectively registered in the study. The severity of the pain was evaluated with the visual analogue scale (VAS). The severity of the anxiety was measured with the Beck Anxiety Inventory. All patients were naive to IVI. Bevacizumab or Ranibizumab 0.05 mL was administered intravitreally. The intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured before and after the procedure. Results Correlation analyses were performed between VAS and the injection speed, the IOP difference, and anxiety. There was a negative significant correlation between injection speed and VAS (p = 0.024 r=-246). There was a positive significant correlation between the IOP difference and VAS (p = 0.001, r = 0.365). In addition, there was strong positive correlation between the anxiety level and VAS (p<0.001 r = 0.77). Linear stepwise regression analysis was used to determine which of these three independent variables (VAS, IOP difference, Anxiety) influenced pain the most, and Anxiety and IOP difference were found to affect the dependent variable of VAS more. There was no significant difference between the IOP difference (p > 0.05) and anxiety scale values (p > 0.05) between the two anti-VEGF agents while there was statistically significantly more pain felt during the Bevacizumab IVI (p = 0.005). Conclusions The parameter with the most influence on pain severity was anxiety in this study, followed by the postop-preop IOP difference. There was also a significant negative correlation between injection speed and VAS.
dc.identifier.doi10.1186/s12886-025-04045-4
dc.identifier.issn1471-2415
dc.identifier.issue1
dc.identifier.pmid40241022
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-105002988368
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ2
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-025-04045-4
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12868/5154
dc.identifier.volume25
dc.identifier.wosWOS:001470271400003
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ3
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.indekslendigikaynakPubMed
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherBmc
dc.relation.ispartofBmc Ophthalmology
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.snmzKA_WoS_20260121
dc.subjectAnti-vascular endothelial growth factor
dc.subjectIntravitreal injection
dc.subjectPain
dc.subjectAnxiety
dc.subjectVisual analogue scale
dc.subjectInjection speed
dc.titleThe relationship between pain intensity and anxiety, injection speed, and intraocular pressure changes during intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injection: the observational pilot study
dc.typeArticle

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