Monitoring and Risk Assessment of Multi-Pesticide Residues in Apples: A Focus on Consumer Safety

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dc.authorid0000-0001-5020-339X
dc.authorid0000-0001-5034-1370
dc.authorid0000-0001-6047-4302
dc.authorid0000-0001-7816-6308
dc.contributor.authorOdabas, Eylem
dc.contributor.authorKeklik, Mehmet
dc.contributor.authorGolge, Ozgur
dc.contributor.authorGonzalez-Curbelo, Miguel angel
dc.contributor.authorKabak, Bulent
dc.date.accessioned2026-01-24T12:26:35Z
dc.date.available2026-01-24T12:26:35Z
dc.date.issued2024
dc.departmentAlanya Alaaddin Keykubat Üniversitesi
dc.description.abstractPesticide residues in human diets pose significant health hazards, particularly for vulnerable populations such as infants and children. This study aimed to determine pesticide residues in apples and to assess the cumulatively chronic risk posed to adult and child consumers from simultaneous exposure to multiple residues. During the 2022-2023 harvest seasons, 100 apple samples from Turkey were analyzed for the presence of 225 different pesticide residues. Pesticide extraction was performed using the QuEChERS method, followed by detection through liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Fifteen distinct pesticides (ten insecticides and five fungicides) were detected in 64 out of the 100 apple samples analyzed. Eleven samples contained pesticide residues that exceeded the maximum residue limit (MRL) set by the Turkish Food Codex and the European Union. Thiophanate-methyl was the most frequently detected pesticide (34%) in apples, with concentrations ranging from 0.012 to 0.108 mg kg-1, all of which were well below the MRL of 0.5 mg kg-1. Other commonly detected residues included chlorantraniliprole (28%), acetamiprid (24%), sulfoxaflor (22%), bifenazate (18%), indoxacarb (13%), diflubenzuron (12%), and carbendazim (10%). Under a worst-case scenario, the hazard index (HI) values for adults and children were 0.85% and 2.60%, respectively, indicating that these values remain significantly below the risk threshold of 100%, suggesting no associated health risks from apple consumption. However, regular monitoring of pesticide residues in fresh fruits and vegetables remains critically important.
dc.description.sponsorshipthe Scientific and Research Council of Hitit University [MUH19001.19.006]; Scientific and Research Council of Hitit University
dc.description.sponsorshipThis research was funded by the Scientific and Research Council of Hitit University (project no: MUH19001.19.006).
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/foods13193186
dc.identifier.issn2304-8158
dc.identifier.issue19
dc.identifier.pmid39410221
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-85206590693
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ1
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.3390/foods13193186
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12868/4763
dc.identifier.volume13
dc.identifier.wosWOS:001336286900001
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ1
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.indekslendigikaynakPubMed
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherMdpi
dc.relation.ispartofFoods
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.snmzKA_WoS_20260121
dc.subjectfood safety
dc.subjectdietary exposure
dc.subjectfood contaminants
dc.subjectresidue monitoring
dc.subjectsample preparation
dc.subjectmethod validation
dc.titleMonitoring and Risk Assessment of Multi-Pesticide Residues in Apples: A Focus on Consumer Safety
dc.typeArticle

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