The 2D:4D ratios in the mothers of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

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dc.authorid0000-0002-2156-3457
dc.authorid0000-0002-0313-558X
dc.authorid0000-0001-5938-3243
dc.contributor.authorKocaman, Orhan
dc.contributor.authorAvsar, Pinar A. Y. D. O. G. A. N.
dc.contributor.authorKara, Tayfun
dc.contributor.authorKuru, Tacettin
dc.date.accessioned2026-01-24T12:31:08Z
dc.date.available2026-01-24T12:31:08Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.departmentAlanya Alaaddin Keykubat Üniversitesi
dc.description.abstractBackground: Prenatal exposure to high levels of testosterone affects the development of the brain. The purpose of this study was to compare the mothers of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and those of healthy children in terms of the digit ratio (2D:4D). It also examines the relationship between ADHD symptoms and the 2D:4D in mothers. Method: The mothers of 120 children with ADHD and of 61 healthy children were included in the study. 2D:4D were measured for both the patients and the healthy individuals, and sociodemographic data were examined. The mothers' ADHD symptoms were measured using the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS). The patient and control groups were compared in terms of 2D:4D values and ADHD symptoms. The relationship between 2D:4D and ADHD was also examined in the patient group. Results: Maternal right 2D:4D (p < 0.001) and left 2D:4D (p = 0.003) values in the ADHD group were significantly lower than in the control group mothers. No association was also observed between the left hand and right 2D:4D ratios of the mothers in the case group and the ASRS- Hyperactivity or Attention Deficit subscales. Conclusion: Our findings add to the literature examining the relationship between prenatal exposure to testosterone and ADHD. This study shows that the mothers of children with ADHD are exposed to greater prenatal testosterone. In addition, it does not support the hypothesis that prenatal exposure to testosterone in the mothers of children with ADHD plays a role in the development of ADHD symptoms. Further studies examining this relationship in mothers are now needed.
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106203
dc.identifier.issn0378-3782
dc.identifier.issn1872-6232
dc.identifier.pmid39855032
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-85215848675
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ2
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106203
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12868/5672
dc.identifier.volume201
dc.identifier.wosWOS:001411488300001
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ2
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.indekslendigikaynakPubMed
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherElsevier Ireland Ltd
dc.relation.ispartofEarly Human Development
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess
dc.snmzKA_WoS_20260121
dc.subject2D:4D
dc.subjectAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder
dc.subjectPrenatal testosterone exposure
dc.subjectDigit ratio
dc.titleThe 2D:4D ratios in the mothers of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
dc.typeArticle

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