Valorization of orange peel waste: activated carbon production and its role in enhancing particleboard performance

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dc.contributor.authorErgun, Mehmet Emin
dc.contributor.authorKoyuncu, Filiz
dc.contributor.authorIstek, Abdullah
dc.contributor.authorOzlusoylu, Ismail
dc.date.accessioned2026-01-24T12:30:52Z
dc.date.available2026-01-24T12:30:52Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.departmentAlanya Alaaddin Keykubat Üniversitesi
dc.description.abstractThe valorization of agricultural waste has gained increasing attention in recent years, with orange peel waste emerging as a promising precursor for activated carbon (AC) production. This study investigates the production of AC from orange peel waste using zinc chloride (ZnCl2) as a chemical activator and evaluates its impact on the physical, mechanical, and environmental properties of three-layer particleboards. AC was incorporated into the urea-formaldehyde (UF) adhesive at 0.5-1.5% by weight and applied to both surface and core chips, ensuring its distribution across all three layers of the particleboard. The AC exhibited a specific surface area of 572.14 m(2)/g and a total pore volume of 0.280 cm(3)/g, demonstrating its high porosity and adsorption capabilities. Mechanical test results of particleboard indicate that the inclusion of 1.5% AC increased MOR by 26% (from 10.02 N/mm(2) to 12.65 N/mm(2)) and MOE by 52% (from 1083.83 N/mm(2) to 1645.33 N/mm(2)), while IB rose from 0.41 N/mm(2) to 0.53 N/mm(2). Additionally, formaldehyde emissions of particleboard decreased significantly from 11.25 mg/100 g (control) to 8.01 mg/100 g at production (0th month) and further to 3.20 mg/100 g after 12 months. Based on TS EN 312 (2012) classification, the AC-modified panels at 1.0-1.5% met the requirements of P2 boards for general-purpose use in dry conditions, while also complying with the E1 formaldehyde emission standard. The orange peel waste-derived AC can serve as an effective additive in composite materials, simultaneously improving mechanical performance and meeting international environmental and safety standards.
dc.description.sponsorshipScientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) [121C429]
dc.description.sponsorshipThis research was funded by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) (Project No: 121C429).
dc.identifier.doi10.1007/s00107-025-02337-6
dc.identifier.issn0018-3768
dc.identifier.issn1436-736X
dc.identifier.issue6
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-105019502524
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ1
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-025-02337-6
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12868/5494
dc.identifier.volume83
dc.identifier.wosWOS:001597981400001
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ1
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherSpringer
dc.relation.ispartofEuropean Journal of Wood and Wood Products
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess
dc.snmzKA_WoS_20260121
dc.subjectAdsorption
dc.subjectRemoval
dc.subjectFtir
dc.titleValorization of orange peel waste: activated carbon production and its role in enhancing particleboard performance
dc.typeArticle

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