Improving physiological solubility and gene transfer efficiency of chitosan via 3-nitrobenzaldehyde and amino acid conjugation

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dc.authorid0000-0002-9127-2380
dc.authorid0000-0003-2497-9359
dc.authorid0000-0003-2185-2619
dc.contributor.authorBal, Kevser
dc.contributor.authorKaplan, Ozlem
dc.contributor.authorSenturk, Sema
dc.contributor.authorCelik, Sibel Kucukertugrul
dc.contributor.authorDemir, Kamber
dc.contributor.authorGok, Mehmet Koray
dc.date.accessioned2026-01-24T12:31:10Z
dc.date.available2026-01-24T12:31:10Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.departmentAlanya Alaaddin Keykubat Üniversitesi
dc.description.abstractIn this study, chitosan was chemically modified with 3-nitrobenzaldehyde (3NBA) and three amino acids (arginine, cysteine, and histidine) to enhance its gene delivery performance. 3-NBA was selected for its known DNA binding properties, while the amino acids were chosen based on their functional groups, which can improve solubility, facilitate cellular uptake, and contribute to endosomal escape. The modified chitosan polymers were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR). Nanoparticles were prepared using the ionotropic gelation method, and their particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential were analyzed by dynamic light scattering (DLS). The particle sizes ranged from 105.07 f 3.45 to 206.15 f 10.39 nm, with PDI values between 0.29 f 0.01 and 0.39 f 0.02. Zeta potentials were measured between 32.05 f 0.49 mV and 51.95 f 0.35 mV. The cysteine-modified chitosan (Chi3NBACys) exhibited approximately 8.4-fold higher solubility than unmodified chitosan. In vitro studies demonstrated that the modified chitosan nanoparticles exhibited low cytotoxicity in HEK293T cells. Among the tested formulations, Chi-3NBACys showed the highest transfection efficiency, comparable to commercial agent LipofectamineTM 2000. These findings suggest that chitosan nanoparticles modified with 3-NBA and amino acids can be safe and efficient non-viral gene delivery vectors.
dc.description.sponsorshipPresidency of the Republic of Turkiye, Strategy and Budget Office [DPT-2019K12-149071]
dc.description.sponsorshipThis study was supported by the project DPT-2019K12-149071 funded by the Presidency of the Republic of Turkiye, Strategy and Budget Office.
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.147117
dc.identifier.issn0141-8130
dc.identifier.issn1879-0003
dc.identifier.pmid40876670
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-105014385413
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ1
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.147117
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12868/5708
dc.identifier.volume323
dc.identifier.wosWOS:001564290900001
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ1
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.indekslendigikaynakPubMed
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherElsevier
dc.relation.ispartofInternational Journal of Biological Macromolecules
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess
dc.snmzKA_WoS_20260121
dc.subjectNon-viral vectors
dc.subjectChitosan modification
dc.subjectGene delivery
dc.titleImproving physiological solubility and gene transfer efficiency of chitosan via 3-nitrobenzaldehyde and amino acid conjugation
dc.typeArticle

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