Pesticide Residues in Mandarins: Three-Year Monitoring Results

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dc.authorid0000-0001-6047-4302
dc.authorid0000-0001-6550-3627
dc.authorid0000-0001-7816-6308
dc.contributor.authorGormez, Emrah
dc.contributor.authorGolge, Ozgur
dc.contributor.authorGonzalez-Curbelo, Miguel Angel
dc.contributor.authorKabak, Bulent
dc.date.accessioned2026-01-24T12:26:35Z
dc.date.available2026-01-24T12:26:35Z
dc.date.issued2023
dc.departmentAlanya Alaaddin Keykubat Üniversitesi
dc.description.abstractThe demand of plant production product use has increased because of the current system of citrus production, which prioritizes high agricultural yields. Therefore, the monitoring of pesticide residues in citrus fruits and other agricultural products and their impacts on human health and food security are of great concern. This study aims to determine multi-class pesticides including highly polar residues in satsuma mandarins. A total of 226 mandarin samples were collected over three consecutive harvesting years from 2019 to 2021 in the Izmir region of Turkey. Targeted compounds included pesticides and metabolites with European Union (EU) regulatory levels, plus other non-approved residues and highly polar compounds. The residues excluding highly polar substances were analyzed by applying the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) extraction and liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) determination for 434 analytes and gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) determination for 71 analytes. For six highly polar pesticides, sample preparation was based on Quick Polar Pesticides (QuPPe) extraction. The polar residues were determined by LC-MS/MS using internal standards. Forty different residues, including two highly polar substances, were recorded in mandarin samples through three harvesting years. In 8.4% of the samples, no quantifiable residues were detected, whereas 207 samples contained at least one residue. The maximum residue level (MRL) exceedances were recorded for 22.1% of the samples. The two most frequently found pesticides were phosphonic acid and spirotetramat, with an incidence rate of 48.7% and 46.5%, respectively. The concentration of phosphonic acid and spirotetramat in mandarin samples varied from 0.026 to 39.386 mg kg(-1) and from 0.010 to 1.485 mg kg(-1), respectively. The results will enable researchers and regulatory authorities to assess the extent of pesticide presence, identify potential risks, and take necessary measures to ensure the safety of satsuma mandarins for consumers.
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/molecules28145611
dc.identifier.issn1420-3049
dc.identifier.issue14
dc.identifier.pmid37513481
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-85166019075
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ1
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28145611
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12868/4780
dc.identifier.volume28
dc.identifier.wosWOS:001036488600001
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ2
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.indekslendigikaynakPubMed
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherMdpi
dc.relation.ispartofMolecules
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.snmzKA_WoS_20260121
dc.subjectchromatography
dc.subjectfood safety
dc.subjectmass spectrometry
dc.subjectpesticides
dc.subjectpolar pesticides
dc.subjectQuEChERS
dc.subjectQuPPe
dc.titlePesticide Residues in Mandarins: Three-Year Monitoring Results
dc.typeArticle

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