Occurrence, regulatory compliance, and health risk evaluation of pesticide residues in Turkish raisins

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dc.contributor.authorOgmen, Esra
dc.contributor.authorBuyuksirit-Bedir, Tuba
dc.contributor.authorGolge, Ozgur
dc.contributor.authorKabak, Bulent
dc.date.accessioned2026-01-24T12:31:09Z
dc.date.available2026-01-24T12:31:09Z
dc.date.issued2026
dc.departmentAlanya Alaaddin Keykubat Üniversitesi
dc.description.abstractPesticide residues in processed fruit products such as raisins are of growing concern due to potential dietary exposure risks. In this study, 100 Turkish raisin samples were analyzed for 290 multi-class pesticides using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for volatile compounds and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for non-volatile compounds. A total of 45 different residues were detected, including fourteen pesticides not approved in the EU. Acetamiprid was the predominant residue (29 % of the samples), reaching levels up to 23.4 times higher than its derived maximum residue level, followed by metalaxyl (27 %), pyrimethanil (25 %), and pyriproxyfen (24 %). Chronic dietary exposure was evaluated using both deterministic and probabilistic (Monte Carlo simulation) approaches. The deterministic chronic hazard index (HIc) values were 0.0011 and 0.0014 for adults and children, respectively, whereas probabilistic simulations yielded mean HIc values of 0.0054 and 0.0070, confirming that chronic dietary exposure poses negligible health risks (HIc < 1). However, acute exposure analysis revealed potential short-term risks for both adults and children, primarily driven by acetamiprid and alpha-cypermethrin. These results highlight the persistence of certain systemic insecticides and the continued use of non-approved compounds despite regulatory restrictions, emphasizing the need for enhanced monitoring programs and stricter regulatory enforcement to ensure food safety.
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.foodcont.2025.111920
dc.identifier.issn0956-7135
dc.identifier.issn1873-7129
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-105024591089
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ1
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2025.111920
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12868/5693
dc.identifier.volume183
dc.identifier.wosWOS:001641993900001
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ1
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherElsevier Sci Ltd
dc.relation.ispartofFood Control
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess
dc.snmzKA_WoS_20260121
dc.subjectDried grapes
dc.subjectMulti-class pesticides
dc.subjectAcetamiprid
dc.subjectFood safety
dc.subjectRisk assessment
dc.subjectHazard index
dc.titleOccurrence, regulatory compliance, and health risk evaluation of pesticide residues in Turkish raisins
dc.typeArticle

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