Field Performance Evaluation of Low-Cost Soil Moisture Sensors in Irrigated Orchard

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dc.authorid0000-0002-3491-050X
dc.authorid0000-0002-1554-2609
dc.authorid0000-0002-2871-0333
dc.authorid0000-0002-0251-1643
dc.contributor.authorMarkovic, Monika
dc.contributor.authorMatosa Kocar, Maja
dc.contributor.authorBarac, Zeljko
dc.contributor.authorTuralija, Alka
dc.contributor.authorAtilgan, Atilgan
dc.contributor.authorJug, Danijel
dc.contributor.authorRavlic, Marija
dc.date.accessioned2026-01-24T12:29:28Z
dc.date.available2026-01-24T12:29:28Z
dc.date.issued2024
dc.departmentAlanya Alaaddin Keykubat Üniversitesi
dc.description.abstractMeasuring the soil water content (SWC) is a fundamental component of the sustainable management of water resources, soil preservation, and high irrigation efficiency. Non-destructive SWC measurements using soil moisture sensors (SMSs) enables timely irrigation and reduces overirrigation and water stress. Within this context, the performance of four commercial single-point soil moisture sensors (Watermark and tensiometer (Irrometer Company, Inc., Riverside, CA, USA), SM150 (Delta-T Devices, Cambridge, UK)), FieldScout TDR300 (Spectrum Technologies, Aurora, IL, USA) and one soil profile PR2 probe (Delta-T Devices, Cambridge, UK) were tested under anthropogenic eutric cambisol with a silty clay loamy texture (20, 30, and 40 cm) to evaluate accuracy and sensitivity to changes in the SWC in an irrigated apple orchard. The Watermark and tensiometer were additionally tested in the laboratory to convert soil water tension (kPa) to the volumetric soil water content (%vol.). In general, all tested SMSs responded to changes in the SWC, with sensor-to-sensor differences. The Watermark and tensiometer underestimated the SWC, while the TDR overestimated the SWC. The SM150 and PR2 showed high accuracy, i.e., SM150-RMSE-2.24 (20 cm), 2.18 (30 cm) and 2.34 (40 cm), MSE-5.02 (20 cm), 2.93 (30 cm) and 1.89 (40 cm), and PR2-RMSE-1.8 (20 cm), 1.3 (30 cm) and 1.55 (40 cm), MSE-3.23 (20 cm), 1.7 (30 cm) and 2.39 (40 cm) at all observed soil depths.
dc.description.sponsorshipCroatian Science Foundation under the project Assessment of conservation soil tillage as advanced methods for crop production and prevention of soil degradation-ACTIVEsoil [IP-2020-02-2647]
dc.description.sponsorshipThe study was fully supported by Croatian Science Foundation under the project Assessment of conservation soil tillage as advanced methods for crop production and prevention of soil degradation-ACTIVEsoil (IP-2020-02-2647).
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/agriculture14081239
dc.identifier.issn2077-0472
dc.identifier.issue8
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-85202645449
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ1
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14081239
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12868/5393
dc.identifier.volume14
dc.identifier.wosWOS:001305144100001
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ1
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherMdpi
dc.relation.ispartofAgriculture-Basel
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.snmzKA_WoS_20260121
dc.subjectsoil moisture sensor
dc.subjectvolumetric water content
dc.subjectirrigation scheduling
dc.titleField Performance Evaluation of Low-Cost Soil Moisture Sensors in Irrigated Orchard
dc.typeArticle

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