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    Cardiac and cardiovascular assessment
    (Elsevier, 2023) Neborak, Julie M.; Lakadamyali, Hüseyin; Mutlu, Gokhän Mehmet
    An evaluation of the cardiovascular system is essential during a comprehensive assessment of patients with sleep-disordered breathing. Obstructive sleep apnea is independently associated with hypertension, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, cardiac arrhythmias, and stroke. Central sleep apnea, specifically Cheyne-Stokes respiration, is common in patients with heart failure patients and is associated with increased mortality. Despite the strong association between sleep-disordered breathing and cardiovascular disease, the diagnostic evaluation should be individualized. History and physical examination help to determine the need for further cardiovascular testing. Diagnostic tests used for additional evaluation include the electrocardiogram, echocardiogram, cardiac stress test and coronary angiogram. © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved