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    Analysis and Impact of Activated Carbon Incorporation into Urea-Formaldehyde Adhesive on the Properties of Particleboard
    (Mdpi, 2023) Ergun, Mehmet Emin; Ozlusoylu, Ismail; Istek, Abdullah; Can, Ahmet
    Nowadays, the particleboard industry cannot meet the market's demand. Therefore, filler materials have started to be used both to conserve raw materials and to enable the use of wood-based boards in different areas. This study investigates the effects of incorporating different ratios of activated carbon (0%, 1.5%, 4.5%, 7.5%) on the properties of particleboards. The physical properties were examined, including density, moisture content, thickness swelling, and water absorption. The results reveal that the density increased with increasing activated carbon content while the moisture content decreased, indicating improved dimensional stability and water resistance. Additionally, the color properties were influenced by activated carbon, leading to a darker appearance with decreased lightness and yellow-blue components. The mechanical properties, such as internal bond strength, modulus of rupture, and modulus of elasticity, showed significant enhancements with the addition of activated carbon, indicating improved bonding and increased strength. Moreover, the thermal conductivity decreased with increasing activated carbon content and improved insulation performance. Scanning electron microscope analysis confirmed the uniform distribution of activated carbon within the particleboard matrix, without agglomeration, positively impacting the mechanical performance. According to the thermogravimetric analysis results, the addition of activated carbon led to a decrease of up to 6.15% in mass loss compared to the control group. The incorporation of activated carbon at a ratio of 4.5% in particleboards confers notable enhancement to their physical, mechanical, and thermal characteristics. These findings contribute to understanding the potential benefits and considerations of using activated carbon as an additive in particleboard production.
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    Box-Behnken experimental design for optimization of chitosan foam materials reinforced with cellulose and zeolite
    (Wiley, 2024) Kurt, Rifat; Ergun, Halime; Ergun, Mehmet Emin; Istek, Abdullah
    Foam materials produced from biopolymers stand out as a more environmentally friendly insulation material solution. This study presents a comprehensive investigation into the development and optimization of chitosan-based foam materials using a Box-Behnken design. The foams were engineered using varying proportions of chitosan (0.5-3%), cellulose (0.5-3%), and zeolite (0.5-3%), targeting their application as thermal insulators. The physical and thermal properties of the foams that were produced were affected by the type and ratios of components, with density and thermal conductivity ranging from 0.0853 to 0.1915 g cm-3 and 0.0324 to 0.0921 W mK-1, respectively. Higher chitosan content improved insulation properties and mechanical strength whereas zeolite increments increased density and thermal conductivity. Using statistical analysis through the Box-Behnken design, we optimized the foam formulations, achieving minimum thermal conductivity and maximum compression strength at an averaged density, suggesting a strong potential for environmental sustainability applications. The recommended optimal chitosan:cellulose:zeolite composition ratio of 3:3:0.88 provides a valuable insight for tailored foam material formulation. This study shows the relationships between the composition of a composite material and its resultant properties, optimizing its preparation for industrial applicability in an environmentally conscious way within the context of insulation and construction. This investigation contributes to the field of material science by highlighting the versatility and potential of biopolymers but also aligns with the increasing need for green building materials.
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    Reducing formaldehyde emissions and enhancing performance of particleboards through the incorporation of activated carbon produced from Scots pine wood residues
    (Wiley, 2025) Ergun, Mehmet Emin; Koyuncu, Filiz; Istek, Abdullah; Ozlusoylu, Ismail
    Wood-based composite boards present a problem due to formaldehyde emissions from engineered particleboard, which pose health and environmental risks. This study explored the production of activated carbon (AC) from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) wood residues using phosphoric acid (H3PO4) as a chemical activator. The process of using waste biomass as raw material for AC production improves waste management and contributes to the circular economy by creating a high-value product from forestry industry byproducts. Activated carbon with a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of 1066.46 m2g-1 and a porous structure that enhances adsorption capacity was incorporated into urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin at varying levels (0.0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5% by dry weight of the adhesive) for particleboard production. These boards were evaluated for their formaldehyde emissions, physical properties, and mechanical properties. Results showed that adding AC reduced formaldehyde emissions significantly, by up to 50%. The particleboards prepared using the modified resin also demonstrated improved physical and mechanical properties, with a 10% increase in density contributing to enhanced strength and durability. Overall, this approach shows the potential to reduce formaldehyde emissions and improve the sustainability of particleboard production, improving both environmental and human health outcomes.
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    Utilization of orange peel waste for activated carbon production and its application in particleboard for formaldehyde emission reduction
    (Wiley, 2025) Ergun, Mehmet Emin; Koyuncu, Filiz; Istek, Abdullah; Ozlusoylu, Ismail; Bulbul, Saban; Kilic-Pekgozlu, Ayben
    Activated carbon (AC) is valued for its large surface area, porosity, and chemical adsorption properties, making it suitable for a wide range of industrial applications. Its most common sources are coconut shells, wood, and coal - all of which are costly or harmful to the environment. It is thus important to finding sustainable feedstock, such as agricultural waste. Inexpensive materials like waste orange peel have been used in the production of AC. This study explores the synthesis of AC from orange peel waste through phosphoric acid (H3PO4) activation for potential applications in reducing volatile organic compounds such as formaldehyde emissions in particleboard production. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were used to examine AC. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of AC was 497 m2g(-)(1). The addition of AC to urea-formaldehyde (UF) adhesive enhanced cross-linking and condensation reactions, improving the mechanical and physical properties of particleboards without compromising integrity. The effects of AC on formaldehyde emissions were assessed at 0 and 3 months. Compared to the control group, particleboards with AC showed a 28.98% reduction in free formaldehyde emissions at 0 months and a 45.25% reduction at 3 months. Activated carbon derived from orange peels can thus improve particleboard properties while reducing formaldehyde emissions in an environmentally sustainable way.
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    Valorization of orange peel waste: activated carbon production and its role in enhancing particleboard performance
    (Springer, 2025) Ergun, Mehmet Emin; Koyuncu, Filiz; Istek, Abdullah; Ozlusoylu, Ismail
    The valorization of agricultural waste has gained increasing attention in recent years, with orange peel waste emerging as a promising precursor for activated carbon (AC) production. This study investigates the production of AC from orange peel waste using zinc chloride (ZnCl2) as a chemical activator and evaluates its impact on the physical, mechanical, and environmental properties of three-layer particleboards. AC was incorporated into the urea-formaldehyde (UF) adhesive at 0.5-1.5% by weight and applied to both surface and core chips, ensuring its distribution across all three layers of the particleboard. The AC exhibited a specific surface area of 572.14 m(2)/g and a total pore volume of 0.280 cm(3)/g, demonstrating its high porosity and adsorption capabilities. Mechanical test results of particleboard indicate that the inclusion of 1.5% AC increased MOR by 26% (from 10.02 N/mm(2) to 12.65 N/mm(2)) and MOE by 52% (from 1083.83 N/mm(2) to 1645.33 N/mm(2)), while IB rose from 0.41 N/mm(2) to 0.53 N/mm(2). Additionally, formaldehyde emissions of particleboard decreased significantly from 11.25 mg/100 g (control) to 8.01 mg/100 g at production (0th month) and further to 3.20 mg/100 g after 12 months. Based on TS EN 312 (2012) classification, the AC-modified panels at 1.0-1.5% met the requirements of P2 boards for general-purpose use in dry conditions, while also complying with the E1 formaldehyde emission standard. The orange peel waste-derived AC can serve as an effective additive in composite materials, simultaneously improving mechanical performance and meeting international environmental and safety standards.