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Öğe A Study on Physical, Morphological and Antibacterial Properties of Bio Polymers Reinforced Polyvinyl Acetate Foams(Univ Fed Sao Carlos, Dept Engenharia Materials, 2022) Yildirim, Nadir; Ozen, Ertan; Ergun, Mehmet Emin; Dalkilic, BerkIn this study, foaming-agent free novel polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) foams reinforced with bio polymers were manufactured through freeze-drying technique. The physical, morphological and antibacterial properties of foams which were reinforced with different ratio of zinc borate and water-soluble chitosan were investigated according to relevant standards. The PVAc foams showed low densities (0.12 g/cm3 ??? 0.21 g/cm3) and high porosity rates (87.50% - 79.05%). The results showed that although the foams have no antibacterial character against Escherichia Coli, they have antibacterial character against Staphylococcus Aureus bacteria. This study mainly focusses on physical and morphological properties of the foams. However, researchers also performed accelerated weathering tests to determine its usability in different industries. The effects of accelerated weathering on the surface of foams were investigated by measuring surface color. The highest color difference was determined 8.09. This foam can be used as a low-density packaging material and/or medical box with its promising physical and morphological properties with hazardous-chemical free structure.Öğe Activated Carbon and Cellulose-reinforced Biodegradable Chitosan Foams(North Carolina State Univ Dept Wood & Paper Sci, 2023) Ergun, Mehmet EminChitosan foams with promising mechanical properties, heat-insulating ability, and flame retardancy were produced through oven drying. The chitosan foams were reinforced with cellulose, boric acid, and different ratios of activated carbon. The foams showed desirable low density (80.2 to 109.8 kg/m3) and compression properties. The compression resistance and compression modulus of foams ranged between 53.6 and 98.5 KPa and 214 to 394 KPa, respectively. Thermal conductivity tests revealed that the foams endowed low thermal conductivity values (0.035 to 0.051 W/mK). The limiting oxygen index (LOI) of the foams was as high as 32.9% for activated carbon (20 g/L). The activated carbon reinforcement produced higher thermal properties and decreased the mass loss 48.1% at 600 degrees C. The produced foams exhibited good biodegradability (39% degradation in 15 days). The overall test results showed that the chitosan foams can be utilized as a promising environmentally friendly material in thermal insulation fields.Öğe Analysis and Impact of Activated Carbon Incorporation into Urea-Formaldehyde Adhesive on the Properties of Particleboard(Mdpi, 2023) Ergun, Mehmet Emin; Ozlusoylu, Ismail; Istek, Abdullah; Can, AhmetNowadays, the particleboard industry cannot meet the market's demand. Therefore, filler materials have started to be used both to conserve raw materials and to enable the use of wood-based boards in different areas. This study investigates the effects of incorporating different ratios of activated carbon (0%, 1.5%, 4.5%, 7.5%) on the properties of particleboards. The physical properties were examined, including density, moisture content, thickness swelling, and water absorption. The results reveal that the density increased with increasing activated carbon content while the moisture content decreased, indicating improved dimensional stability and water resistance. Additionally, the color properties were influenced by activated carbon, leading to a darker appearance with decreased lightness and yellow-blue components. The mechanical properties, such as internal bond strength, modulus of rupture, and modulus of elasticity, showed significant enhancements with the addition of activated carbon, indicating improved bonding and increased strength. Moreover, the thermal conductivity decreased with increasing activated carbon content and improved insulation performance. Scanning electron microscope analysis confirmed the uniform distribution of activated carbon within the particleboard matrix, without agglomeration, positively impacting the mechanical performance. According to the thermogravimetric analysis results, the addition of activated carbon led to a decrease of up to 6.15% in mass loss compared to the control group. The incorporation of activated carbon at a ratio of 4.5% in particleboards confers notable enhancement to their physical, mechanical, and thermal characteristics. These findings contribute to understanding the potential benefits and considerations of using activated carbon as an additive in particleboard production.Öğe Box-Behnken experimental design for optimization of chitosan foam materials reinforced with cellulose and zeolite(Wiley, 2024) Kurt, Rifat; Ergun, Halime; Ergun, Mehmet Emin; Istek, AbdullahFoam materials produced from biopolymers stand out as a more environmentally friendly insulation material solution. This study presents a comprehensive investigation into the development and optimization of chitosan-based foam materials using a Box-Behnken design. The foams were engineered using varying proportions of chitosan (0.5-3%), cellulose (0.5-3%), and zeolite (0.5-3%), targeting their application as thermal insulators. The physical and thermal properties of the foams that were produced were affected by the type and ratios of components, with density and thermal conductivity ranging from 0.0853 to 0.1915 g cm-3 and 0.0324 to 0.0921 W mK-1, respectively. Higher chitosan content improved insulation properties and mechanical strength whereas zeolite increments increased density and thermal conductivity. Using statistical analysis through the Box-Behnken design, we optimized the foam formulations, achieving minimum thermal conductivity and maximum compression strength at an averaged density, suggesting a strong potential for environmental sustainability applications. The recommended optimal chitosan:cellulose:zeolite composition ratio of 3:3:0.88 provides a valuable insight for tailored foam material formulation. This study shows the relationships between the composition of a composite material and its resultant properties, optimizing its preparation for industrial applicability in an environmentally conscious way within the context of insulation and construction. This investigation contributes to the field of material science by highlighting the versatility and potential of biopolymers but also aligns with the increasing need for green building materials.Öğe Effect of Microstructure on Mechanical Properties of Activated Carbon (Green Filler) Produced as a Filler in Styrene Butadiene Rubber Matrix Compounds(Springer, 2025) Bulbul, Saban; Gokmese, Hakan; Ergun, Mehmet EminIn order to develop the properties of rubber matrix compounds to which Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) and carbon black (CB) were added, activated carbon compounds were produced from orange peel by using two different chemical activation agents (H3PO4 and ZnCl2). The effects of the compounds formed by adding activated carbon to SBR matrix compounds at different rates (0-5-10-15-20 phr) on the mechanical and physical properties were investigated. It has been observed that 5% activated carbon added to the compounds increases the tensile strength, % elongation and hardness. In FESEM images, it was figured out that the added fillings caused flocculation in the matrix, and porous structures increased. In addition, the activated carbon content affected the vulcanization and crosslinking time. ZnCl2, which had the highest surface area among the obtained activated carbons, was the activated carbon produced with the chemical activation agent. In determining properties of compounds, many production parameters such as the surface areas, densities, and chemical properties of the used fillers are important. Therefore, analyses such as BET, FESEM, EDS, and FT-IR were performed on the produced activated carbons, and the results were compared among themselves.Öğe Effect of Pore Size of Activated Carbons Produced from Different Wood Waste on the Leakage of Phase Change Material-based Composites(North Carolina State Univ Dept Wood & Paper Sci, 2025) Can, Ahmet; Ergun, Mehmet Emin; Gencel, Osman; Yazici, HikmetA shape-stabilized lauric acid-activated carbon composite was prepared using a one-step impregnation method. Activated carbon (AC) was produced from different wood waste (Scots pine (Pi) and poplar (Pop)), and lauric acid (LA) was used as a phase change material (PCM) for thermal energy storage. Wood waste from Scots pine and poplar was activated with phosphoric acid (A) and zinc chloride (S) at 600 degrees C for 90 min to produce AC. The AC was examined by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, and the properties of the LA/AC composites were investigated by Fourier transformation infrared spectroscope (FTIR), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electronic microscope (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermal gravimetric analysis (TG), and thermal conductivity. The BET surface area of the produced AC was 1050, 1130, 625 m(2)/g, and 746 m(2)/g for PiA, PiS, PopA, PopS, respectively. The porous structure of AC reduced the leaching of LA during phase change. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results showed a latent heat capacity of 29 J/g and a melting temperature of 48.9 degrees C for the LA/AC composite. The DSC results indicated that the composites exhibited the same phase change characteristics as those of the LA and their latent heats decreased. The TG results indicated that the AC could improve the thermal stability of the composites. Thermal conductivity decreased by 7.48% in PiA-PCM samples but increased by 6.86% in the PopS-PCM by AC.Öğe Influence of Activated Carbon Concentration on Foam Material Properties: Design and Optimization(Springer Heidelberg, 2024) Ergun, Mehmet Emin; Ergun, HalimeActivated carbon is widely used in adsorption, but there is limited research on its interaction with foam materials. In the first part of this study, activated carbon was produced from ash wood (Fraxinus excelsior) waste through phosphoric acid activation and characterized. The BET surface area of the activated carbon was found to be 623 m2/g. SEM and XRD analyses determined the physical surface morphology and crystallographic properties of activated carbon. In the second part of the study, xanthan gum-based foams were produced with the addition of activated carbon at four different ratios (0%, 2%, 4%, and 6%), and their suitability for insulation purposes was investigated. As the amount of activated carbon increased, the density and thermal conductivity of the foam materials increased while the porosity decreased. Furthermore, adding activated carbon up to 4% increased the compressive properties of the foam materials. On the other hand, a further activated carbon ratio increase to 6% led to aggregation within the foam material, decreasing the compressive strength. In the final part of the study, the quadratic linear analysis provided valuable insights into the relationships between activated carbon concentration and foam material properties. The statistical significance and prediction power of the analysis were rigorously evaluated, ensuring the reliability of the obtained results. The findings presented in this study have important implications for the design and optimization of foam materials. Understanding the influence of activated carbon concentration on foam properties enables researchers and engineers to tailor foam materials.Öğe Lignin activated carbon obtained by a environmentally friendly green production process using deep eutectic solvents(Wiley, 2024) Aydemir, Deniz; Ergun, Mehmet Emin; Gulsoy, Sezgin Koray; Ozan, Zeynep Eda; Gunduz, GokhanThe aim of this study was to produce activated carbon (AC) from lignin obtained with deep eutectic solvents (DESs) of choline chloride-lactic acid. For this, lignin particles were produced using the DES. The DES lignin (DES-Lig) was modified with zinc dichloride, and the lignin activated carbon (lig-AC) was produced by carbonization at 600 and 900 degrees C. In this study, the AC obtained from the commercial lignin was also used to determine the changes in the lig-AC from the lignin obtained with the DES. The material properties were investigated using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and the structural properties were investigated with X-ray diffractometry (XRD) of the lig-ACs. The commercial and DES-Lig exhibited different microscopic morphologies. The surface area of the samples generally ranged from 504 to 698 g/cm2, and they included both micro- and mesopores according to SEM characterization. The XRD analysis showed that the ACs obtained have an amorphous structure, and thermogravimetric analysis of the ACs exhibited similar thermal behavior to that in the literature. The best morphological structure was found in the ACs prepared from lignin with the DES at 900 degrees C according to the results of SEM, TGA, XRD and BET analysis. The proximate analysis showed that the best ACs contain 1.5% moisture, 6.5% volatile matter, 5.5% ash content and 86.5% fixed carbon. According to the elemental analysis, the amounts of essential elements, including C, H, N and O were investigated, and the best activated carbon was determined to be the DES-Lig at 900 degrees C according to BET and the proximate fixed carbon results.Öğe Mechanical and thermal properties of polyvinyl acetate foams reinforced with biopolymers(Sage Publications Ltd, 2023) Ergun, Mehmet Emin; Ozen, Ertan; Yildirim, Nadir; Dalkilic, Berk; Baysal, ErgunThe study developed and designed polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) foams using advanced freeze-drying technology, which exhibited good heat-insulating ability, flame retardancy, and mechanical properties. Different combinations of bleach kraft pulp, water-soluble chitosan, and zinc borate were used to reinforce the foams. The foams exhibited desirable compression and flexural properties, with compression strength and compression modulus ranging from 0.01 MPa to 0.08 MPa and 0.05 MPa to 0.29 MPa, respectively, while flexural strength and flexural modulus ranged from 0.12 MPa to 5.37 MPa and 9.86 MPa to 260,85 MPa, respectively. The use of zinc borate as a reinforcement resulted in improved thermal properties and reduced mass loss at 600 & DEG;C by 20.69%. Thermal conductivity tests indicated that the foams had low thermal conductivity values ranging from 0.037 W/mK to 0.074 W/mK. The foams with zinc borate (60 g/L) and high molecular weight water-soluble chitosan (70 g/L) reinforcement exhibited high limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 28.72%. Overall, the results suggest that the PVAc foams could serve as a promising sustainable alternative in thermal insulation and construction fields.Öğe Modeling Xanthan Gum Foam's Material Properties Using Machine Learning Methods(Mdpi, 2024) Ergun, Halime; Ergun, Mehmet EminXanthan gum is commonly used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. However, there have been no studies on utilizing this natural biopolymer as a foam material in the insulation and packaging sectors, which are large markets, or modeling it using an artificial neural network. In this study, foam material production was carried out in an oven using different ratios of cellulose fiber and xanthan gum in a 5% citric acid medium. As a result of the physical and mechanical experiments conducted, it was determined that xanthan gum had a greater impact on the properties of the foam material than cellulose. The densities of the produced foam materials ranged from 49.42 kg/m3 to 172.2 kg/m3. In addition, the compressive and flexural moduli were found to vary between 235.25 KPa and 1257.52 KPa and between 1939.76 KPa and 12,736.39 KPa, respectively. Five machine-learning-based methods (multiple linear regression, support vector machines, artificial neural networks, least squares methods, and generalized regression neural networks) were utilized to analyze the effects of the components used in the foam formulation. These models yielded accurate results without time, material, or cost losses, making the process more efficient. The models predicted the best results for density, compression modulus, and flexural modulus achieved in the experimental tests. The generalized regression neural network model yielded impressive results, with R2 values above 0.97, enabling the acquisition of more quantitative data with fewer experimental results.Öğe Optimized Eco-Friendly Foam Materials: A Study on the Effects of Sodium Alginate, Cellulose, and Activated Carbon(Mdpi, 2024) Ergun, Mehmet Emin; Kurt, Rifat; Can, Ahmet; Ozlusoylu, Ismail; Kalyoncu, Evren ErsoyThis study focuses on optimizing the physical and mechanical properties of foam materials produced with the addition of sodium alginate as the matrix, and cellulose and activated carbon as fillers. Foam materials, valued for their lightweight and insulation properties, are typically produced from synthetic polymers that pose environmental risks. To mitigate these concerns, this study investigates the potential of natural, biodegradable polymers. Various foam formulations were tested to evaluate their density, compression modulus, and thermal conductivity. The results indicated that an increase in activated carbon content enhanced thermal stability, as indicated by higher Ti% and Tmax% values. Additionally, a higher concentration of sodium alginate and activated carbon resulted in higher foam density and compressive modulus, while cellulose exhibited a more intricate role in the material's behavior. In the optimal formula, where the sum of the component percentages totals 7.6%, the percentages (e.g., 0.5% sodium alginate, 5% cellulose, and 2.1% activated carbon) are calculated based on the weight/volume (w/v) ratio of each component in the water used to prepare the foam mixture. These results indicate that natural and biodegradable polymers can be used to develop high-performance, eco-friendly foam materials.Öğe PHYSICAL, MECHANICAL, AND THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ALKALINE COPPER QUATERNARY IMPREGNATED ORIENTAL BEECH WOOD(Univ Bio-Bio, 2024) Altay, Caglar; Ozdemir, Emir; Baysal, Ergun; Ergun, Mehmet Emin; Toker, HilmiThe physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis L.), which had been impregnated with the water-based, copper-containing Korasit KS material from the Alkaline Copper Quaternary group, were investigated in this study. The wood samples used in the investigation were impregnated with 3 % and 6 % aqueous solutions of Korasit KS. The modulus of rupture, thermal, and water absorption tests were performed on samples of Oriental beech after they had been impregnated. Oriental beech's modulus of rupture values decreased as a result of Korasit KS impregnation. Additionally, Oriental beech had lower modulus of rupture values at greater concentrations of Korasit KS. In every water absorption period, the water absorption values of the Oriental beech impregnated with Korasit KS were higher than those of the control group. Our results showed that Korasit KS impregnation enhanced thermal properties of Oriental beech. Moreover, higher concentration levels of Oriental beech yielded better thermal characteristics of Oriental beech.Öğe Properties of Oak Wood Incorporating Microencapsulated Phase Change Material(North Carolina State Univ Dept Wood & Paper Sci, 2023) Can, Ahmet; Ergun, Mehmet Emin; Ozlusoylu, IsmailMicroencapsulated phase change materials (MPCMs) incorporated into oak wood via vacuum impregnation have shown promise as thermal energy storage (TES) materials. Physical and chemical properties of MPCMs and resulting Phase Change Energy Storage Wood (PCESW) were analyzed. Scanning electron microscopy and particle size analyses revealed similar particle sizes, while X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectra confirmed crystal phase and chemical structure. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry determined thermal properties, including phase change temperature, enthalpy, thermal stability, and conductivity. The MPCMs exhibited a phase change enthalpy of 146.0 J/g and temperature of 35.0 & DEG;C, with excellent thermal stability. The FTIR, XRD, and TGA analyses showed unchanged chemical structure, crystallinity ratios, and decomposition in two stages, respectively. The PCESW exhibited a latent heat storage of 3.02 J/g at 25.4 & DEG;C. Decay tests demonstrated noticeably reduced weight loss (1.22% and 1.55%) for MPCMW samples treated with Trametes versicolor and Coniophora puteana, compared to unleached control samples (19.7% and 20.8%). These findings indicate the high efficiency and potential of PCESW as a thermal energy storage material.Öğe Properties of Pinus nigra Arn. wood impregnated with phase change materials for potential energy-saving building material(Elsevier, 2024) Can, Ahmet; Ozlusoylu, Ismail; Sozen, Eser; Ergun, Mehmet EminIn this research, Pinus nigra solid wood (SW) and myristic acid (MA) were prepared as a shape stable phase change material (PCM) using a vacuum impregnation method. Three different concentrations of wood samples such as 15 %, 30 % and 60 % were impregnated and a minimum of 8 % and maximum of 22 % weight gain was obtained. The impregnated samples were characterised by scanning electron microscope (SEM), fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) analyses and water uptake, resistance to fungal decay, modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, compressive and tension strength parallel to the fibers of the samples were tested. The maximum weight increase after impregnation was 25 % and 60 % for the water uptake test samples. The most satisfactory sample was the 60 % modified wood which solidified at 53.50 C with a latent heat of 26.1 J/g and melted at 51.01 C-degrees with a latent heat of 24.7 J/g (medium -temperature zone (buildings fields)). After impregnation, FTIR and XRD analyses revealed no chemical interaction between MA and the wood. Wood was decomposed in a single stage at 367 C, and MAmodified wood was decomposed at two different temperatures: 181-198 C and 365-372 C. At 60 % concentration, MA -modified wood samples showed resistance to T. versicolor fungus, and weight loss of less than 5 % was obtained. After 264 h in the water, the hygroscopic tests demonstrated that the MA/SW composite exhibited low water uptake and good anti -swelling efficiency (ASE). Wood samples impregnated with 60 % MA rose in modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity, whereas compression and tension parallel to grain values decreased by 7 % and 5 %, respectively. The improvements in heat conductivity are almost 64 % more than the control wood (0.15 W/mK).Öğe Reducing formaldehyde emissions and enhancing performance of particleboards through the incorporation of activated carbon produced from Scots pine wood residues(Wiley, 2025) Ergun, Mehmet Emin; Koyuncu, Filiz; Istek, Abdullah; Ozlusoylu, IsmailWood-based composite boards present a problem due to formaldehyde emissions from engineered particleboard, which pose health and environmental risks. This study explored the production of activated carbon (AC) from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) wood residues using phosphoric acid (H3PO4) as a chemical activator. The process of using waste biomass as raw material for AC production improves waste management and contributes to the circular economy by creating a high-value product from forestry industry byproducts. Activated carbon with a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of 1066.46 m2g-1 and a porous structure that enhances adsorption capacity was incorporated into urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin at varying levels (0.0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5% by dry weight of the adhesive) for particleboard production. These boards were evaluated for their formaldehyde emissions, physical properties, and mechanical properties. Results showed that adding AC reduced formaldehyde emissions significantly, by up to 50%. The particleboards prepared using the modified resin also demonstrated improved physical and mechanical properties, with a 10% increase in density contributing to enhanced strength and durability. Overall, this approach shows the potential to reduce formaldehyde emissions and improve the sustainability of particleboard production, improving both environmental and human health outcomes.Öğe The Effect of Foamed Urea-Formaldehyde Adhesive on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Medium Density Fiberboards (MDF)(Zagreb Univ, Fac Forestry, 2024) Ozlusoylu, Ismail; Stek, Abdullah, I; Ergun, Mehmet Emin; Aydemir, Denizcenter dot In this study, the effect of using foamed urea-formaldehyde (UF) adhesive in the production of medium-density fiberboard (MDF) on the properties of the board was investigated. A commercial foaming agent was used to increase the volume of UF adhesive by approximately 2.5 times. MDFs were produced using 6, 9 and 12 % adhesive and1 % ammonium chloride hardener relative to the dry weight of the adhesive. The thermal degradation behavior of the foamed and control adhesives was determined by thermal analysis i.e., thermogravimetric (TGA) and derivative thermogravimetric (DTG) analyses. It was found that the foaming agent did not affect the thermal degradation of the adhesive. Scanning electron microscope images showed that the volume of foamed adhesive and blending efficiency increased. It was determined that MDFs produced with foamed adhesive had better water absorption and thickness swelling properties than control boards. However, the internal bond strength (IB) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) were found to be 8-14 % and 3-16 % higher, respectively, compared to the control samples. As a result, it can be concluded that the foaming process had a positive effect on the board properties and had the potential to reduce the amount of adhesive used.Öğe Utilization of orange peel waste for activated carbon production and its application in particleboard for formaldehyde emission reduction(Wiley, 2025) Ergun, Mehmet Emin; Koyuncu, Filiz; Istek, Abdullah; Ozlusoylu, Ismail; Bulbul, Saban; Kilic-Pekgozlu, AybenActivated carbon (AC) is valued for its large surface area, porosity, and chemical adsorption properties, making it suitable for a wide range of industrial applications. Its most common sources are coconut shells, wood, and coal - all of which are costly or harmful to the environment. It is thus important to finding sustainable feedstock, such as agricultural waste. Inexpensive materials like waste orange peel have been used in the production of AC. This study explores the synthesis of AC from orange peel waste through phosphoric acid (H3PO4) activation for potential applications in reducing volatile organic compounds such as formaldehyde emissions in particleboard production. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were used to examine AC. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of AC was 497 m2g(-)(1). The addition of AC to urea-formaldehyde (UF) adhesive enhanced cross-linking and condensation reactions, improving the mechanical and physical properties of particleboards without compromising integrity. The effects of AC on formaldehyde emissions were assessed at 0 and 3 months. Compared to the control group, particleboards with AC showed a 28.98% reduction in free formaldehyde emissions at 0 months and a 45.25% reduction at 3 months. Activated carbon derived from orange peels can thus improve particleboard properties while reducing formaldehyde emissions in an environmentally sustainable way.Öğe Valorization of orange peel waste: activated carbon production and its role in enhancing particleboard performance(Springer, 2025) Ergun, Mehmet Emin; Koyuncu, Filiz; Istek, Abdullah; Ozlusoylu, IsmailThe valorization of agricultural waste has gained increasing attention in recent years, with orange peel waste emerging as a promising precursor for activated carbon (AC) production. This study investigates the production of AC from orange peel waste using zinc chloride (ZnCl2) as a chemical activator and evaluates its impact on the physical, mechanical, and environmental properties of three-layer particleboards. AC was incorporated into the urea-formaldehyde (UF) adhesive at 0.5-1.5% by weight and applied to both surface and core chips, ensuring its distribution across all three layers of the particleboard. The AC exhibited a specific surface area of 572.14 m(2)/g and a total pore volume of 0.280 cm(3)/g, demonstrating its high porosity and adsorption capabilities. Mechanical test results of particleboard indicate that the inclusion of 1.5% AC increased MOR by 26% (from 10.02 N/mm(2) to 12.65 N/mm(2)) and MOE by 52% (from 1083.83 N/mm(2) to 1645.33 N/mm(2)), while IB rose from 0.41 N/mm(2) to 0.53 N/mm(2). Additionally, formaldehyde emissions of particleboard decreased significantly from 11.25 mg/100 g (control) to 8.01 mg/100 g at production (0th month) and further to 3.20 mg/100 g after 12 months. Based on TS EN 312 (2012) classification, the AC-modified panels at 1.0-1.5% met the requirements of P2 boards for general-purpose use in dry conditions, while also complying with the E1 formaldehyde emission standard. The orange peel waste-derived AC can serve as an effective additive in composite materials, simultaneously improving mechanical performance and meeting international environmental and safety standards.
