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    ChatGPT-3.5 and ChatGPT-4 Performance in Testicular Cancer: A Comparative Study
    (Galenos Publ House, 2025) Uysal, Umit; Ucar, Murat; Sagir, Suleyman
    Objective: The aim of our study is to assess the reliability of Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer (ChatGPT), compare the performance of ChatGPT-4 to ChatGPT-3.5, and explore its potential roles in healthcare decision-making. Materials and Methods: Thirty questions related to testicular cancer were prepared, based on the 2023 European Association of Urology guidelines and clinical experience. These questions were systematically posed to ChatGPT-3.5 and ChatGPT-4, and responses were rated by three independent urologists using a six-point Likert scale. The median score from the three specialists was used as the final score. Results: Both ChatGPT versions provided an incorrect answer to one question, scoring a one. For GPT-3.5 and GPT-4, the percentage of responses considered incorrect by the urologists was 20% and 13.3%, respectively, while correct responses (scoring 3 or higher) accounted for 80% and 86.7%. For general information-diagnosis questions, GPT-3.5 and GPT-4, had average scores of 4.29 and 4.80, with median values of 4.27 and 4.67. For treatment follow-up questions, average scores were 3.60 and 4.16, with median values of 3.60 and 4.20. GPT 4 generally outperformed GPT-3.5, but the difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Conclusion: Our study shows that ChatGPT-4 is more reliable and accurate than ChatGPT-3.5 in testicular cancer-related queries. Continued development of its database and clinical capabilities could optimize ChatGPT's utility in healthcare.
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    Medical malpractice related to urology: an analysis of court decisions in Turkey
    (Springer, 2025) Uysal, Umit; Ucar, Murat
    ObjectivesThe aim of this study is to examine the lawsuits filed against urologists in Turkey, to reveal the results of these lawsuits and the sub-branch of urology they are related to, to discuss the possible reasons for the lawsuits and what can be done to prevent them.Materials and methodsThe case outcomes obtained using the keyword Urology from the publicly accessible official website of the Presidency of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Turkey between 2018 and 2024 were analyzed by two expert urologists.ResultsOf the 215 cases reviewed, the outcomes of 25 cases that met our inclusion criteria were analyzed. Sixteen of these cases were filed against private hospitals. Fourteen of the Supreme Court rulings involved civil (compensation) lawsuits, while 11 were criminal cases. Thirteen cases were related to endourology, and 9 patients had urinary system stone disease. Seventeen of the lawsuits involved allegations of postoperative medical errors. Five cases were attributed to procedural skill errors, and four were due to a lack of informed consent. Complications led to the death of seven patients. The decisions of the first-instance courts resulted in 12 acquittals, 7 compensation rulings, and 6 criminal convictions. At the Supreme Court level, 12 cases were ruled against the physicians.ConclusionsNearly half of the cases resulted in rulings against urologists, with the majority being related to endourology. Our study emphasizes the importance of adhering to international medical guidelines, providing informed consent to patients, and carefully conducting postoperative follow-ups.