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    Alternative Evaluation of Olive Pomace (Pirina) as Production Waste
    (Middle Pomeranian Sci Soc Env Prot, 2021) Atilgan, Atilgan; Rolbiecki, Roman; Saltuk, Burak; Ertop, Hasan; Markovic, Monika
    With the increasing need for energy, energy studies to be obtained from waste gain importance. In this study, it has been tried to determine the amount of biogas energy that can be obtained from olive pomace (pirina), which is produced by processing oil olives. Numerical maps of pirina amounts and potential biogas energy values and location maps of the proposed pirina processing plant were created. The necessary calculations were made by comparing the obtained results with the relevant literature information. In the study, the current potential biogas energy amount was calculated, maps were created and the electricity and gasoline energy equivalent levels of this energy were tried to be calculated using the 2015-2019 data of the Mediterranean, Aegean and Marmara Regions. The total potential amount of pirina in the research area is 1853375.7 tons and the potential biogas energy amount that can be obtained is 33360762.4 MJ. Pirina, which is the production waste after pressing the olives for oil, can be used for energy production. By using pirina to obtain biogas energy, both the utilization of pirina and the development of the regions will be provided.
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    An Investigation on the Energy Balance and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Orange Production in Turkey
    (Mdpi, 2022) Saltuk, Burak; Jagosz, Barbara; Gokdogan, Osman; Rolbiecki, Roman; Atilgan, Atilgan; Rolbiecki, Stanislaw
    In agricultural production, it is important to determine where input usage saving can be implemented by taking energy use into consideration and to analyze the greenhouse gas emissions of agricultural activities. This study has been conducted to review orange (Citrus sinensis L.) production in terms of energy balance and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This study was carried out during the 2015/2016 production season in Adana, a province in Turkey. Energy balance and GHG emissions have been defined by calculating the inputs and outputs of agricultural nature used in orange production. The findings of the study indicate that the distribution of energy inputs in orange production are 11,880 MJ ha(-1) (34.10%) of electricity, 10,079.75 MJ ha(-1) (28.93%) of chemical fertilizer energy, 7630 MJ ha(-1) (21.90%) of chemical energy, 3052 MJ ha(-1) (8.76%) of diesel fuel energy, 1348.91 MJ ha(-1) (3.87%) of human labor energy, 378 MJ ha(-1) (1.09%) of irrigation water energy, 351.22 MJ ha(-1) (1.01%) of machinery energy and 118.80 MJ ha(-1) (0.34%) of lime energy. In total, input energy (IE) in orange production has been calculated as 34,838.68 MJ ha(-1) and the output energy (OE) has been calculated as 95,000 MJ ha(-1). Energy use efficiency (EUE), specific energy (SE), energy productivity (EP) and net energy (NE) have been calculated as 2.73, 0.70 MJ kg(-1), 1.44 kg MJ(-1) and 60,161.32 MJ ha(-1), respectively. The total energy input in the production of oranges was divided into: 47.82% direct, 52.18% indirect, 4.96% from renewable sources and 95.04% from non-renewable sources. The GHG emissions figure for orange production was 3794.26 kg CO2-eq ha(-1), with electricity having the greatest share, 1983.96 (52.29%); the GHG ratio was 0.08 kg CO2-eq kg(-1). According to the results, the production of orange was considered to be profitable in terms of EUE.
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    Büyükbaş Hayvansal Atıklardan Elde Edilebilir Biyogaz ve Elektrik Üretim Potansiyelin Belirlenerek Sayısal Haritaların Oluşturulması
    (Osman SAĞDIÇ, 2022) Ertop, Hasan; Atılgan, Atılgan; Saltuk, Burak; Aksoy, Ercüment
    Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’de ki büyükbaş hayvansal atıklardan üretilebilecek biyogaz enerjisi potansiyeli yardımıyla iller bazında elektrik enerjisi miktarı belirlenerek, elde edilebilecek elektrik enerjisinin kullanılan elektrik enerjisini karşılama yüzdelerinin belirlenmesi hedeflenmiştir. Bununla birlikte iller bazında ki mevcut biyogaz tesisleri haritalandırılmış ve elektrik enerjisi elde etmek için büyükbaş hayvansal atıkların işlenebileceği biyogaz tesisleri de haritalandırılarak, bu haritalar kıyaslanmaya çalışılmıştır. Elde edilen değerler, konuyla ilgili literatür bilgileri ile karşılaştırılarak gerekli hesaplamalar yapılmıştır. Araştırmada Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu’nun 2020 yılı verileri dikkate alınarak, 81 ilde bulunan süt sığırı ve et sığırı sayılarına bağlı olarak, üretilebilecek biyogaz enerjisi ve biyogazdan elde edilebilecek elektrik enerjisi miktarı hesaplanmaya çalışılmıştır. Türkiye’de büyükbaş hayvansal atıklarından elde edilebilecek potansiyel biyogaz enerjisi miktarının 2361063163 MJ olduğu ve bu biyogaz enerjisinin yaklaşık 656375,63 MWh elektrik enerjisine eş değer olduğu belirlenmiştir. Elektrik enerjisi üretim potansiyelinin belirlenmesi ile illerin kullandığı elektrik enerjisini hangi yüzde ile karşılayabileceği, bu yüzdelerin enerji planlamalarında değerlendirilebileceği ve ayrıca bununla birlikte elde edilen haritaların ise biyogaz tesislerine yapılacak olan yatırım planlamalarına da katkı sağlayabileceği öngörülmektedir.
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    Calculation of the Potential Biogas and Electricity Values of Animal Wastes: Turkey and Poland Case
    (Mdpi, 2023) Ertop, Hasan; Atilgan, Atilgan; Kociecka, Joanna; Krakowiak-Bal, Anna; Liberacki, Daniel; Saltuk, Burak; Rolbiecki, Roman
    This research aimed to analyze the potential amount of electrical energy from biogas energy obtained from animal wastes in Turkey and Poland. Animal waste values were calculated by taking into account the recommended literature values. In determining the biomass energy potential of livestock enterprises in Turkey and Poland, FAO's 2012-2021 data were taken into account. The animal breeds selected as material in this study were cattle, goat, sheep, chicken, duck, goose, turkey, horse, pig, mule and donkey. Considering 10-year calculations, the potential amount of biogas energy that can be obtained from animal wastes for Turkey is 28,845,975 GJ, which is equivalent to 8,105,058 MWh of electrical energy. In Poland, the potential amount of biogas energy that can be generated from animal waste is 13,999,612 GJ, which is equivalent to 3,902,020 MWh of electricity. Moreover, it is estimated that the percentage of the potential amount of electricity to be obtained in 2021 to cover the amount of electricity consumed is 0.303% for Turkey and 0.392% for Poland. For 2021, the amount of economic gains that can be from electricity obtained was also calculated, and it was determined that this value can be 78,650,302 Euro for Turkey and 62,182,435 Euro for Poland. At the same time, it was calculated that the electricity needs of 406,170 houses in Turkey and 171,958 houses in Poland can be met in 2021. As a result, it is thought that the potential electricity to be obtained will contribute to determining energy gains and investment plans for biogas plants.
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    Deficit Irrigation Stabilizes Fruit Yield and Alters Leaf Macro and Micronutrient Concentration in Tomato Cultivation in Greenhouses: A Case Study in Turkey
    (Mdpi, 2022) Atilgan, Atilgan; Rolbiecki, Roman; Saltuk, Burak; Jagosz, Barbara; Arslan, Firat; Erdal, Ibrahim; Aktas, Hakan
    Water is crucial for agriculture and needs to be used effectively due to climate change and drought in the Mediterranean region. For this reason, to adapt to water deficit scenarios, deficit irrigation applications are increasing in importance. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of varying levels of irrigation on growth parameters and concentration of nutrients in tomato plants grown under greenhouse conditions. The irrigation schedule used in this study was designed to include 100% (control), 90%, 80% and 70% of evaporation from the class-A pan. Water deficit was found to cause a stress effect in tomato plants, which was reflected in changes in the physiological function plants, such as flowering and early ripening. In addition, the SPAD values were examined, for which the lowest value of the green color intensity of the leaves was 47.3 (I3) and the highest was 48.7 (I4). However, the results of statistical analyses show that the difference was not significant. We also observed that the height values of tomato plants were the highest in the period of seedling and fruit ripening under full irrigation. Furthermore, analysis of the macronutrient content of tomato leaves showed that the obtained values were below the threshold values recommended for manganese. Based on these and similar studies, we believe that the application of water stress is most effective during the phases in which the plants are least affected. We believe that determining the periods during which tomato or any other crop is be affected by the least water stress will be more accurate for both plant development and economic production.
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    Defining Irrigation Scheduling Based on Crop Water Stress Index and Physiological Parameters for Hybrid Corn in Semi-Arid Climate
    (Middle Pomeranian Sci Soc Env Prot, 2022) Ucak, Ali Beyhan; Saltuk, Burak; Rolbiecki, Roman; Atilgan, Atilgan
    The goal of this study is to determine the crop water stress index (CWSI) and irrigation scheduling based on CWSI values, as well as to examine the correlations between CWSI, physiological parameters and grain yield of hybrid corn P31A34 in semi-arid climate conditions. In 2014 and 2015, the upper limit (UL) temperatures at which plants were entirely exposed to water stress were 1.178 & DEG;C and 2.38 & DEG;C, respectively. When the corn grain yield began to decline, the CWSI threshold value was 0.34, indicating the yield limit. Grain yield, crop water consumption, crop water stress index, chlorophyll content, water use efficiency and leaf area index were found to have negative correlations (p & LE; 0.01) with CWSI values in both years of the study. The findings revealed that in semi-arid climate conditions, a maximum of 30% water deficit could be used during the growing period of the corn compared to full irrigation (I100) for water savings and that a water deficit greater than 30% results in considerable grain yield losses. In areas with limited water resources, the moderate water deficit (I70) may be a viable alternative to the I100.
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    Derinkuyu dry bean irrigation planning in semi-arid climate by utilising crop water stress index values
    (Polish Academy of Sciences Publishing House, 2023) Uçak, Ali Beyhan; Atilgan, Atilgan; Korytowski, Mariusz; Koci?cka, Joanna; Liberacki, Daniel; Stachowski, Piotr; Saltuk, Burak
    This study was conducted to determine crop water stress index (CWSI) values and irrigation timing in the case of Derinkuyu dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). In 2017, dry beans were grown as the main crop according to the field design consisting of plots divided into randomised blocks. Irrigation treatment comprised full irrigation (I100) and irrigation issues with three different levels of water stress (I66, I33, I0). This study applied 602 mm of water under the I100 irrigation. The yield of Derinkuyu dry beans was equal to 3576.6 kg?ha–1 in I100 irrigation. The lower limit (LL) value, which is not necessary for the determination of CWSI, was obtained as the canopy–air temperature difference (Tc – Ta) versus the air vapour pressure deficit (VPD). The upper limit (UL) value, at which the dry beans were wholly exposed to water stress, was obtained at a constant temperature. The threshold CWSI value at which the grain yield of dry beans started to decrease was determined as 0.33 from the measurements made with an infrared thermometer before irrigation in I66 irrigation treatment. As a result, it can be suggested that irrigation should be applied when the CWSI value is 0.33 in dry beans. Furthermore, the correlation analysis revealed a negative correlation between grain yield and crop water stress index and a positive correlation between yield and chlorophyll content. According to variance analysis, significant relationships were found between the analysed parameters at p ? 0.01 and p ? 0.05. © 2023. The Authors.
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    Determination of global warming potential of dairy cattle farms
    (Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, 2023) Atilgan, Atilgan; Rolbiecki, Roman; Ertop, Hasan; Kociecka, Joanna; Aksoy, Ercument; Saltuk, Burak
    Dairy cattle's breeding is carried out intensively in the Eastern Anatolia Region (Turkey) and is a source of methane emissions. This study calculated global warming potentials arising from enteric fermentation and manure management of existing dairy cattle farms in this region between 2016 and 2020 using the tier-1 method defined by the IPCC. As a result, it has been found that the global warming potential of this region is 20,287.68 x 103 tons of CO2 in total. The total CH4 value in the research area was 966.08 x 103 tons. Furthermore, it has been determined that 98.02% of these emissions are enteric CH4, and 1.98% is CH4 originating from fertiliser management. Therefore, it is seen that enteric CH4 constitutes a large part of the total CH4 emissions. For this reason, CH4 emissions can be controlled by choosing silage feeds in feed selection and adding minerals and vitamins to silage feeds.
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    EFFECTS OF VERMICOMPOST APPLICATION ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF HOT PEPPER (CAPSICUM FRUTESCENS)
    (Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, 2024) Atilgan, Atilgan; Arslan, Fırat; Saltuk, Burak; Koci?cka, Joanna; Jotautiené, Eglè; Juostas, Antanas
    In parallel with the increase in the world population, healthy nutrition becomes more important for people every day. However, Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) are also gaining importance. The main goal of our study is to reduce the level of inorganic fertilizer use. The experimental area where the study was conducted is located at 36° 31' 21'' north latitude and 32° 05' 07'' east longitude. In this study, 2 m high, 12 m long and 3 m wide plastic greenhouses with arc roofs were used. The greenhouses are naturally ventilated, unheated tunnel type greenhouses. UV-added plastic cover material was used as the cover material in the greenhouse. Hot pepper was chosen as the material. In the research, the development parameters of the hot pepper plant were examined by using different doses of one organic and one inorganic fertilizer type. Vermicompost (VC) was applied at a rate of 2,500 and 5,000 kg per hectare and inorganic fertilizer was used at a rate of 60-100-160 and 30-50-80 kg per hectare. Nine applications were carried out, including different doses of these two fertilizers, their combined use, and a control group. Plant heights, SPAD (Spectrum Authorized Dealer) values, plant diameters and yield values were measured weekly from the date the seedlings were planted in the experimental greenhouses until the end of harvest. The parameters found to be important in the variance analysis results of the data obtained from the trial subjects were compared with the Student's t test, and the application groups were determined and interpreted statistically. As a result, the effects of VC and inorganic fertilizer values on the development parameters and yield values of the pepper plant were determined. It has been determined that the plant growth parameters and productivity are higher, especially when 5000 kg of organic fertilizer and 5000+60-100-160 mixed fertilizer are used per hectare. Therefore, good agricultural practices include reducing the use of inorganic fertilizers. © 2024 Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. All rights reserved.
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    Evaluation of Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI) for High Tunnel Greenhouse Tomatoes under Different Irrigation Levels
    (Mdpi, 2024) Boyaci, Sedat; Kociecka, Joanna; Atilgan, Atilgan; Liberacki, Daniel; Rolbiecki, Roman; Saltuk, Burak; Stachowski, Piotr
    An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of water stress on yield and various physiological parameters, including the crop water stress index for tomatoes in the Central Anatolian region of Turkey. For this purpose, the irrigation schedule used in this study includes 120%, 100%, 80%, and 60% (I120, I100, I80, I60) of evaporation from the gravimetrically. Water deficit was found to cause a stress effect in tomato plants, which was reflected in changes in plants' morphological and pomological function (such as stem diameter, fruit weight, pH, titratable acidity, and total soluble solids). Irrigation levels had a significant effect on the total yield of tomatoes. The lowest water use efficiency (WUE) was obtained from the I60, while the highest WUE was found in the I100 irrigation level. The CWSI was calculated using an empirical approach from measurements of infrared canopy temperatures, ambient air temperatures, and vapor pressure deficit values for four irrigation levels. The crop water stress index (CWSI) values ranged from -0.63 to a maximum value of 0.53 in I120, from -0.27 to 0.63 in I100, from 0.06 to 0.80 in I80, and from 0.37 to 0.97 in I60. There was a significant relation between yield and CWSI. The yield was correlated with mean CWSI values, and the linear equation Total yield = -2398.9CWSI + 1240.4 can be used for yield prediction. The results revealed that the CWSI value was useful for evaluating crop water stress in tomatoes and predicting yield.
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    Manavgat İlçesinin Örtüaltı Sebze Yetiştiriciliğinde KirleticiFaktörler ve Çevresel Etkilerinin Belirlenmesi
    (2021) Atılgan, Atılgan; Sarı, Ümran; Saltuk, Burak; Ertop, Hasan
    Dünyayı saran pandemi nedeniyle insanların daha çok sebze ve meyve tüketme isteği ortaya çıkmıştır. Ayrıca ülkemizin ılıman biriklime sahip olmasının yanında toplum bilincinin gelişmesi sonucunda son yıllarda ülkemizde yıllık sebze ve meyve tüketiminin arttığıgözlenmektedir. Sera yetiştiriciliği, tarımın en önemli gelir getirici dallarından birisidir. Sıcak iklim kuşağındaki ülkelerde olduğu gibiAkdeniz Bölgesindeki seralarda ekonomik ve montaj kolaylığı bakımından yaygın olarak plastik örtü malzemesi tercih edilmektedir.Bu çalışmada, Manavgat Tarım ve Orman İlçe Müdürlüğünde çalışan teknik elemanların önerileriyle seracılık faaliyetlerinin yoğunyapıldığı Manavgat merkezdeki ve merkeze bağlı köylerdeki seralar incelemeye alınmıştır. Seralara ait arazi büyüklüklerine ilişkinistatistiksel veriler, basit tesadüfi örnekleme yöntemiyle, anket yapılarak belirlenmiştir. Alınan bilgiler doğrultusunda Manavgatyöresindeki 124 adet işletme materyal olarak tespit edilerek, araştırma alanı içinde işletmelere ayrı ayrı olarak gidilmiştir. Yapılançalışmayla Manavgat yöresinde örtüaltı sebze yetiştiriciliğinin tüm aşamalarında yapılan tüm tarımsal faaliyetler tespit edilmiştir. Aynızamanda tüm bu faaliyet aşamalarında çevre kirliliği ve çevresel sorunlara neden olan her türlü parametreler belirlenmiştir. Yapılan buaraştırma ile tarımsal anlamda oluşabilecek kirliliğin engellenerek, sürdürülebilir bir çevrenin sağlanması amacıyla ilkelerin belirlenmesi ve yapılan çözüm önerileri ile üreticilere fayda sağlayarak doğanın da korunması beklenmektedir. Bu kapsamda dönemdönem üreticiler ile bir araya gelerek gerekli eğitimlerin verilmesi gerektiği kanısına varılmıştır. Dolayısıyla bu eğitimlerin biyolojikmücadele, yeşil gübre uygulamaları ile birlikte yapılacak iyi tarım uygulamalarını kapsayan bilinçlendirme çalışmaları için atılacakadımların örnek olacağı kanısına varılmıştır.
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    Projection of Machine Usage in Agriculture of Ardahan Province
    (2021) Ertop, Hasan; Atılgan, Atılgan; Gökdoğan, Osman; Saltuk, Burak
    In this study, the usage projection of agricultural machinery used in agricultural operations in Ardahan province was examined. It is aimed to determine the projection of technology use in agriculture by using the data between 2011-2020. The change rates of 35 machines, including tillage, sowing, planting, fertilization, spraying, harvesting-threshing and other machines, between 2011-2020 were examined. Projection coefficients were calculated and by using these, coefficients were calculated and evaluated for the years 2021- 2030. In the study, the data of the Turkish Statistical Institute and findings from the related studies on the subject were used. It has been concluded that the positive projection coefficients of 29 machines considered in the technology usage projection will increase until 2030, while the projection coefficient determined for 6 machines is negative and there will be a decrease in these machines.
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    THE EFFECTS OF HIGH TEMPERATURE AND LOW HUMIDITY ON CROP WATER STRESS INDEX OF SEED PUMPKIN PLANTS (Cucurbita pepo L.) IN SEMI-ARID CLIMATE CONDITIONS
    (Univ Life Sciences Lublin, 2024) Ucak, Ali Beyhan; Kociecka, Joanna; Liberacki, Daniel; Saltuk, Burak; Atilgan, Atilgan; Stachowski, Piotr; Rolbiecki, Roman
    This study aimed to evaluate the effects of high temperature and low humidity on the crop water stress index (CWSI) of seed pumpkin plants grown under semi -arid climate conditions to determine the optimum irrigation time. This research unveils the critical impact of high temperature and low humidity on seed pumpkin growth, emphasizing the vital role of the CWSI in optimizing irrigation strategies and seed yield. Moreover, the relationship between CWSI, physiological parameters, and seed yield of the pumpkin was investigated. The mean CWSI values in the I70 (0.40) and I35 (0.56) treatments were 42% and 100% higher, respectively than those in the full irrigation (I100) treatment (0.28). While the I70 treatment showed manageable water stress with minimal impact, the I35 treatment experienced severe stress, significantly reducing crop growth and yield. The mean seed yield (SY) in the I70 treatment increased to 1245.2 kg ha(-1) compared to I35 (903.3 kg ha(-1)) but remained lower than I100 (1339.3 kg ha(-1)). The CWSI had negative correlations (p <= 0.01) with seed yield, chlorophyll content, and leaf area index, while it had positive correlations with water use efficiency and irrigation water use efficiency (p <= 0.01). This study showed that pumpkins could be grown successfully at 30% water deficit conditions, and a water deficit higher than 30% may cause a significant seed yield loss in semi -arid climate conditions. In addition, the results highlight the importance of optimal irrigation and CWSI monitoring for informed irrigation decisions and sustainable agricultural practices. Therefore, moderate water deficit (I70) can be adopted in pumpkin cultivation as an alternative to full irrigation.
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    The Energy Potential of Waste from Banana Production: A Case Study of the Mediterranean Region
    (Mdpi, 2023) Atilgan, Atilgan; Krakowiak-Bal, Anna; Ertop, Hasan; Saltuk, Burak; Malinowski, Mateusz
    Recently, with the development of technology, the number of studies on the need for energy and the possibilities of covering this need in a sustainable way has been increasing. The management of agricultural biomass and waste is cited as one of the challenges as well as a solution. Mersin and Antalya sites, where banana production is intensively practiced in Turkey, were selected as the study region. The potential amounts of energy values obtained from the waste generated during banana cultivation in the field area of study were calculated. The energy potential was calculated on the basis of the conversion of biogas that can be obtained from the waste. The values obtained were analyzed and compared with the levels of electricity used to determine the economic gains that can be achieved for Mersin and Antalya regions. The data on bananas used in study were obtained from the Turkish Statistical Institute (for the years 2016-2020). It is calculated that 2884.43 MWh of electricity can be generated in Mersin and 2218.26 MWh in Antalya per 5 years from the waste generated during banana production. The values of the number of houses whose needs can be met with the calculated five-year potential electricity amount are 1237 in Mersin and 952 in Antalya. It can be considered that reusing the potential energy that can be obtained from banana waste, examined as material for energy, used in agricultural production will result in a positive impetus to agricultural activities. Energy obtained from banana waste can cover a very small amount of the electrical energy needs of agricultural production, ranging from 0.19% to 0.34%. However, it is concluded that the potential amount of energy to be obtained by recycling not only banana waste but also other agricultural and food waste will be even higher.