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Öğe An Investigation on the Energy Balance and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Orange Production in Turkey(Mdpi, 2022) Saltuk, Burak; Jagosz, Barbara; Gokdogan, Osman; Rolbiecki, Roman; Atilgan, Atilgan; Rolbiecki, StanislawIn agricultural production, it is important to determine where input usage saving can be implemented by taking energy use into consideration and to analyze the greenhouse gas emissions of agricultural activities. This study has been conducted to review orange (Citrus sinensis L.) production in terms of energy balance and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This study was carried out during the 2015/2016 production season in Adana, a province in Turkey. Energy balance and GHG emissions have been defined by calculating the inputs and outputs of agricultural nature used in orange production. The findings of the study indicate that the distribution of energy inputs in orange production are 11,880 MJ ha(-1) (34.10%) of electricity, 10,079.75 MJ ha(-1) (28.93%) of chemical fertilizer energy, 7630 MJ ha(-1) (21.90%) of chemical energy, 3052 MJ ha(-1) (8.76%) of diesel fuel energy, 1348.91 MJ ha(-1) (3.87%) of human labor energy, 378 MJ ha(-1) (1.09%) of irrigation water energy, 351.22 MJ ha(-1) (1.01%) of machinery energy and 118.80 MJ ha(-1) (0.34%) of lime energy. In total, input energy (IE) in orange production has been calculated as 34,838.68 MJ ha(-1) and the output energy (OE) has been calculated as 95,000 MJ ha(-1). Energy use efficiency (EUE), specific energy (SE), energy productivity (EP) and net energy (NE) have been calculated as 2.73, 0.70 MJ kg(-1), 1.44 kg MJ(-1) and 60,161.32 MJ ha(-1), respectively. The total energy input in the production of oranges was divided into: 47.82% direct, 52.18% indirect, 4.96% from renewable sources and 95.04% from non-renewable sources. The GHG emissions figure for orange production was 3794.26 kg CO2-eq ha(-1), with electricity having the greatest share, 1983.96 (52.29%); the GHG ratio was 0.08 kg CO2-eq kg(-1). According to the results, the production of orange was considered to be profitable in terms of EUE.Öğe Changes in Water Quality for Sprinkler Irrigation in Selected Lakes of the Poznan Lake District(Polish Soc Ecological Engineering-Ptie, 2023) Stachowski, Piotr; Rolbiecki, Stanislaw; Jagosz, Barbara; Krakowiak-Bal, Anna; Rolbiecki, Roman; Figas, Anna; Gumus, MehmetThe rapidly changing quality of irrigation water requires urgent attention to understand and predict the long-term effects on soils and food crops, especially in a situation of global freshwater scarcity. The aim of the research was to assess changes in water quality in two selected lakes located in Poland in 2009-2016. The study was carried out in terms of the possibility of using selected reservoirs as sources of water for sprinkler irrigation of agricul-tural crops. The presented analysis was compared with a similar one carried out in 1999-2006 and 2004-2009 to determine the historic and present water quality state. Results indicate, that the source of pollution of the lakes is most often outflows from sewerage systems, the precipitation and surface runoff from the catchment areas of these lakes, which are mainly used as agricultural land. In Lake Niepruszewskie, the oxygen conditions, water transpar-ency, phosphorus content, sestone dry matter and coliform titre increased, while the biological oxygen demand (BOD5), nitrogen, and chlorophyll content decreased. According to present research, in the Strykowskie Lake, the phosphorus content and BOD5 decreased, while the sanitary condition, nitrogen content and oxygen conditions deteriorated. The reduction of mineral fertilization in recent years has reduced the degradation of the lakes and allowed the water quality to remain in Class III of purity. Despite the visible improvement in the general condition of both studied lakes, constant monitoring of their quality is necessary, which is obligatory for the water from these reservoirs to be used for sprinkler irrigation of crops.Öğe Effect of Drip Fertigation with Nitrogen Application on Bioactive Compounds and the Nutritional Value of Potato Tubers before and after Their Long-Term Storage(2021) Wichrowska, Dorota; Rolbiecki, Roman; Rolbiecki, Stanislaw; Sadan, Hicran A.; Figas, Anna; Jagosz, Barbara; Atılgan, AtılganThe nutritional value and the content of bioactive compounds in potato tubers are influenced by many soil, climate and agrotechnical factors. This study investigated the effect of drip irrigation and nitrogen fertilization by broadcasting and fertigation on the content of dry matter, starch, monosaccharides, total sugars, vitamin C, polyphenolic compounds, chlorogenic acid and antioxidant activity in tubers of "Augusta " potatoes. Additionally, the magnitude of the changes in the tested components during their long-term storage (6 months) was also assessed. Drip irrigation had a significant positive effect on the content of dry matter, starch, vitamin C, monosaccharides, sucrose, total sugars, total polyphenols, chlorogenic acid and antioxidant capacity. Compared to broadcasting fertilization, fertigation significantly increased the content of vitamin C, total polyphenols and chlorogenic acid, as well as the antioxidant activity of potato tubers. Long-term storage contributed to a decrease in the tested components. The exception was the content of monosaccharides, where a more than twofold increase was noted, especially in the case of irrigated tubers. The results of the research showed a beneficial effect of drip irrigation and fertigation on the content of bioactive compounds and the nutritional value of "Augusta " potato tubers.Öğe Effect of subsurface drip fertigation with nitrogen on the yield of asparagus grown for the green spears on a light soil in central Poland(2022) Rolbiecki, Roman; Sadan, Hicran; Rolbiecki, Stanislaw; Jagosz, Barbara; Szczepanek, Malgorzata; Figas, Anna; Atılgan, Atılgan; Pal-Fam, Ferenc; Panka, DariuszAbstract: During the growing period of many agricultural and horticultural plants, the use of fertigation usually increases the yield; however, the response to this treatment may depend on the cultivar. The effect of subsurface drip fertigation with nitrogen on the yield of three asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) cultivars grown for green spears in light soil was studied. The multi-year (2011–2017) field experiment was carried out on sandy soil and was arranged in a split-plot design with four replications. The first factor was the method of fertilization with nitrogen: (1) control— spreading nitrogen fertilization without irrigation and (2) subsurface drip fertigation with nitrogen. The second factor was the genotype (a cultivar) of asparagus—the following cultivars were tested: Ramada, Rapsody and Ravel. Generally, subsurface drip fertigation with nitrogen increases the marketable yield of green spears and the number of spears produced by a single plant, as well single-spear weight. ‘Ramada’ achieved the best results with all yield parameters. A significant correlation coefficient between the sum of rainfall and irrigation rates and yield parameters of tested cultivars was also found. The studies showed a varied response of the tested asparagus cultivars to the fertigation treatment.Öğe Effect of the forecast air temperature change on the water needs of vines in the region of Bydgoszcz, Northern Poland(2022) Jagosz, Barbara; Rolbiecki, Stanislaw; Rolbiecki, Roman; Ptach, Wieslaw; Sadan, Hicran Asmin; Kasperska-Wolowicz, Wieslawa; Pal-Fam, Ferenc; Atılgan, AtılganThe climatic changes observed in Poland are manifested by an increase in air temperature, but not an increase in rainfall, which causes an increase in the water needs of plants, and hence the necessity to develop irrigation systems for crops. The aim of this study was to assess the water needs of grapevines in 2021-2050 in the Bydgoszcz region (northern Poland), an area with high requirements for supplementary irrigation. The calculations were based on the expected changes in air temperature according to the climate change scenario for Poland: the 4th Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change-Special Report on Emissions Scenarios: balanced scenario (A1B). The average monthly temperature in 1981-2010 was used in the calculations. The water needs of grapevines were estimated using the reference evapotranspiration calculated using the Blaney-Criddle equation, and then using the crop coefficient and potential (crop) evapotranspiration. It was found that in 2021-2050, the water needs of grapevines, both during the growing season (May-September) and during the irrigation period (June-August), will increase by 6%. The highest and significant increase in water needs, by 10%, should be expected in August. The estimated increase in water needs of grapevines indicates the need to development sustainable irrigation systems for vineyards in northern Poland.Öğe Possibilities of Using Whey Wastes in Agriculture: Case of Turkey(Mdpi, 2022) Sirmacekic, Esmanur; Atilgan, Atilgan; Rolbiecki, Roman; Jagosz, Barbara; Rolbiecki, Stanislaw; Gokdogan, Osman; Niemiec, MarcinLiquid wastes are generated during production in the milk and cheese industries. During cheese production, whey emerges as a liquid product. Researchers define waste as raw material instead of waste alone. Hence, there is no doubt that the use and management of waste will gain greater importance in the upcoming years. This study discusses the use of whey, which is food waste, in agriculture and the benefits derived from it in terms of energy value. Our research was based on the current literature and the amount of whey that emerged in the dairy industry. For this purpose, the existing literature was evaluated to determine how much waste was produced from whey. The total amount of whey waste in Turkey for 2021 was determined. Afterwards, the amount of potential energy was determined in evaluating these wastes. Turkey's total amount of potential energy obtained from whey waste was calculated as 570.11 x 10(6) MJ, with 158.36 x 10(6) kWh as potential electrical energy. Moreover, it was calculated that a total of 158.36 x 10(6) kWh of electrical energy would meet the electrical energy of 688,548 families of four people for a month. It is also stated that this potential energy will be used in the field of equivalent electrical energy content and agriculture. It is a fact that cheese wastewater, rich in nutrients and organic matter, can be used in agriculture. Whey is used as animal feed in agricultural fertilization activities and the livestock sector. It has also been understood from the literature that it can also be used in biogas production. However, it should not be forgotten that whey released into rivers, water sources, or sewers threatens the environment due to its high protein content. Therefore, by increasing the number of similar studies on the subject, a wide range of wastes, such as whey, can be utilized in the most accurate manner. As a result, environmental protection, conservation of water resources, and energy conservation can be ensured by properly benefiting from whey waste. Considering that the world population will increase in the future, it is a fact that we will need a cleaner environment and more energy. It was concluded that greater importance should be given to waste management practices for a cleaner environment and energy saving.Öğe Sustainable Water Management of Drip-Irrigated Asparagus under Conditions of Central Poland: Evapotranspiration, Water Needs and Rainfall Deficits(Mdpi, 2024) Rolbiecki, Stanislaw; Rolbiecki, Roman; Sadan, Hicran A.; Jagosz, Barbara; Kasperska-Wolowicz, Wieslawa; Kanecka-Geszke, Ewa; Pal-Fam, FerencWater is a valuable yet scarce resource in agriculture. Optimizing crop production relies on irrigation, but within the framework of sustainable agriculture, efforts should prioritize reducing irrigation water usage. Unfortunately, climate change increases plant water requirements, consequently heightening the need for irrigation. The aim of the research was to estimate the water needs of asparagus during the fern growth period (21 June-31 August) using the Blaney-Criddle method. The study also aimed to determine trends in changing water needs and estimate precipitation deficits. Calculations were carried out for the years 1981-2020 across four provinces in central Poland. The research indicated that water needs varied between 233 mm and 242 mm, depending on the province. Over the forty-year period, all provinces displayed an increasing trend in water needs, with a rise of 3.1 mm to 6.2 mm per decade. Between 21 June and 31 August, rainfall deficits occurred with varying intensity in all provinces during normal, medium dry and very dry years. The values of water needs and rainfall deficit, calculated as a result of the research, are of key importance in the design, construction, and management of drip irrigation systems for asparagus plantations in central Poland.Öğe Towards Water-Efficient Irrigation of Cup Plant (Silphium perfoliatum L.) for Energy Production: Water Requirements and Rainfall Deficit(Mdpi, 2024) Figas, Anna; Rolbiecki, Roman; Rolbiecki, Stanislaw; Jagosz, Barbara; Langowski, Ariel; Sadan-Ozdemir, Hicran A.; Pal-Fam, FerencThe cup plant shows promise for biomass production and has significant potential for increasing biodiversity. This species primarily grows in habitats with high soil humidity. Precipitation deficits are common throughout Poland, especially in the central regions, necessitating crop irrigation. To design and manage resource-efficient irrigation for the cup plant, estimating water requirements and rainfall deficits is essential. This research aims to calculate water requirements, rainfall deficits, and irrigation demand and to assess their temporal and spatial variations for cup plants energy plantations from 1981 to 2020. The study, conducted using the Blaney-Criddle method, focused on the growing season (1 April-30 September) across four provinces in central Poland: Kuyavian-Pomeranian (18 degrees 01 ' E, 53 degrees 08 ' N), Greater Poland (16 degrees 50 ' E, 52 degrees 25 ' N), Masovian (20 degrees 59 ' E, 52 degrees 09 ' N), and Lodz (19 degrees 24 ' E, 51 degrees 44 ' N). The research revealed varying values of water requirements depending on the province, ranging from 445.9 mm in Lodz province to 465.2 mm in Kuyavian-Pomeranian province. The magnitude of water requirements also significantly depended on the month of the growing season, with the highest value occurring in July (from 103.6 mm in Lodz province to 108.9 mm in Kuyavian-Pomeranian province). Over the forty-year period, a notable upward trend in water requirements was observed across all provinces, ranging from 6.7 mm per decade to 12.5 mm per decade. On average, rainfall deficits during the growing season amounted to 125 mm in normal years, 237 mm in medium dry years, and 316 mm in very dry years. These findings are crucial for efficient irrigation management in central Poland, which, in line with sustainable agricultural development, will enable the maximization of yields of this plant while simultaneously conserving water resources.Öğe Yields and Bioactive Substances of Selected European Asparagus Cultivars Grown for Green Spear Production as Influenced by of Post-Harvest Drip Irrigation on Sandy Soil in Central Poland(Polish Soc Ecological Engineering-Ptie, 2024) Rolbiecki, Roman; Rolbiecki, Stanislaw; Sadan-Ozdemir, Hicran; Figas, Anna; Wichrowska, Dorota; Jagosz, Barbara; Krakowiak-Bal, AnnaThe field experiment was conducted during the years 2006-2008 on a very light soil in central Poland in an area particularly deficient in water. The key aim of the study was the reaction of 10 European asparagus ( Asparagus officinalis L.) cultivars: Ravel, Rambo, Rally, Ramada, Rapsody, Cipres, Plaverd, Backlim, Grolim, Orane, grown for green spear production to surface drip irrigation. Drip irrigation of the asparagus plants had a positive effect both on summer stalks and green spears. A significant increase in the height, number and diameter of summer stalks, as well as an increase in the marketable yield, weight and number of green spears was observed for most of the cultivars. Both factors, the irrigation used and the asparagus cultivars, significantly modified the antioxidant content in asparagus spears. The Rapsody cultivar accumulated significantly more, and the Grolim cultivar significantly less, total polyphenols in asparagus spears at unirrigated plots. An inverse relationship was obtained in the Grolim cultivar with respect to the content of vitamin C, which accumulated the most of it under the irrigation conditions. The Ramada cultivar from irrigated plots contained significantly the highest amount of total carotenoids. In turn, the Cipres and Grolim cultivars from irrigated plots were characterized by the highest antioxidant activity.
