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Öğe Alternative Evaluation of Olive Pomace (Pirina) as Production Waste(Middle Pomeranian Sci Soc Env Prot, 2021) Atilgan, Atilgan; Rolbiecki, Roman; Saltuk, Burak; Ertop, Hasan; Markovic, MonikaWith the increasing need for energy, energy studies to be obtained from waste gain importance. In this study, it has been tried to determine the amount of biogas energy that can be obtained from olive pomace (pirina), which is produced by processing oil olives. Numerical maps of pirina amounts and potential biogas energy values and location maps of the proposed pirina processing plant were created. The necessary calculations were made by comparing the obtained results with the relevant literature information. In the study, the current potential biogas energy amount was calculated, maps were created and the electricity and gasoline energy equivalent levels of this energy were tried to be calculated using the 2015-2019 data of the Mediterranean, Aegean and Marmara Regions. The total potential amount of pirina in the research area is 1853375.7 tons and the potential biogas energy amount that can be obtained is 33360762.4 MJ. Pirina, which is the production waste after pressing the olives for oil, can be used for energy production. By using pirina to obtain biogas energy, both the utilization of pirina and the development of the regions will be provided.Öğe An Investigation on the Energy Balance and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Orange Production in Turkey(Mdpi, 2022) Saltuk, Burak; Jagosz, Barbara; Gokdogan, Osman; Rolbiecki, Roman; Atilgan, Atilgan; Rolbiecki, StanislawIn agricultural production, it is important to determine where input usage saving can be implemented by taking energy use into consideration and to analyze the greenhouse gas emissions of agricultural activities. This study has been conducted to review orange (Citrus sinensis L.) production in terms of energy balance and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This study was carried out during the 2015/2016 production season in Adana, a province in Turkey. Energy balance and GHG emissions have been defined by calculating the inputs and outputs of agricultural nature used in orange production. The findings of the study indicate that the distribution of energy inputs in orange production are 11,880 MJ ha(-1) (34.10%) of electricity, 10,079.75 MJ ha(-1) (28.93%) of chemical fertilizer energy, 7630 MJ ha(-1) (21.90%) of chemical energy, 3052 MJ ha(-1) (8.76%) of diesel fuel energy, 1348.91 MJ ha(-1) (3.87%) of human labor energy, 378 MJ ha(-1) (1.09%) of irrigation water energy, 351.22 MJ ha(-1) (1.01%) of machinery energy and 118.80 MJ ha(-1) (0.34%) of lime energy. In total, input energy (IE) in orange production has been calculated as 34,838.68 MJ ha(-1) and the output energy (OE) has been calculated as 95,000 MJ ha(-1). Energy use efficiency (EUE), specific energy (SE), energy productivity (EP) and net energy (NE) have been calculated as 2.73, 0.70 MJ kg(-1), 1.44 kg MJ(-1) and 60,161.32 MJ ha(-1), respectively. The total energy input in the production of oranges was divided into: 47.82% direct, 52.18% indirect, 4.96% from renewable sources and 95.04% from non-renewable sources. The GHG emissions figure for orange production was 3794.26 kg CO2-eq ha(-1), with electricity having the greatest share, 1983.96 (52.29%); the GHG ratio was 0.08 kg CO2-eq kg(-1). According to the results, the production of orange was considered to be profitable in terms of EUE.Öğe Analysis of SPI as a drought indicator during the maize growing period in the Cukurova Region (Turkey)(2022) Rolbiecki, Roman; Yücel, Ali; Koci?cka, Joanna; Atılgan, Atılgan; Markovic, Monica; Liberacki, DanielAbstract: One of the major challenges for agriculture related to climate change is drought. The increasing temperatures and decreasing precipitation in many parts of the world have enhanced the frequency and severity of drought events. Therefore, a detailed analysis is required in order to determine the drought frequency and take the necessary precautions. In this study, the climatic conditions in the agricultural region of Çukurova (Turkey) were analysed. Meteorological data for the three provinces of Adana, Mersin, and Osmaniye were used. The aim was to calculate the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) for each of the three provinces analysed, and to use these values to detect drought during the different growth periods of maize. We also investigated whether the SPI values for the last 30 years differ significantly between the provinces. Furthermore, indicators such as the duration, magnitude, severity, recurrence, and drought frequency were also calculated. Using linear regression analysis, we determined whether there were trends in the multi-year data for the total precipitation and mean temperature. In addition, the water deficiency was determined by examining the amount of water required by maize and the adequacy of the precipitation in each development period. As a result, it was found that the Çukurova region is prone to droughts, but they follow a mild course in most cases. However, no statistically significant differences were observed between the SPI values in the three provinces. The calculated average approximate drought recurrences (Tr) and expected intensities (Iave) were Tr ~ 1.036 years and Iave ~ 5.634 mm year?1 in 3 years for Adana, Tr ~ 1.031 years and Iave ~ ?0.312 mm year?1 in 3 years for Mersin, and Tr ~ 1.052 years and Iave ~ ?0.084 mm year?1 in 3 years Osmaniye. The research carried out in this paper confirmed that maize cultivation in the Çukurova region is vulnerable to drought, and adaptation actions should be taken immediately.Öğe Calculation of the Potential Biogas and Electricity Values of Animal Wastes: Turkey and Poland Case(Mdpi, 2023) Ertop, Hasan; Atilgan, Atilgan; Kociecka, Joanna; Krakowiak-Bal, Anna; Liberacki, Daniel; Saltuk, Burak; Rolbiecki, RomanThis research aimed to analyze the potential amount of electrical energy from biogas energy obtained from animal wastes in Turkey and Poland. Animal waste values were calculated by taking into account the recommended literature values. In determining the biomass energy potential of livestock enterprises in Turkey and Poland, FAO's 2012-2021 data were taken into account. The animal breeds selected as material in this study were cattle, goat, sheep, chicken, duck, goose, turkey, horse, pig, mule and donkey. Considering 10-year calculations, the potential amount of biogas energy that can be obtained from animal wastes for Turkey is 28,845,975 GJ, which is equivalent to 8,105,058 MWh of electrical energy. In Poland, the potential amount of biogas energy that can be generated from animal waste is 13,999,612 GJ, which is equivalent to 3,902,020 MWh of electricity. Moreover, it is estimated that the percentage of the potential amount of electricity to be obtained in 2021 to cover the amount of electricity consumed is 0.303% for Turkey and 0.392% for Poland. For 2021, the amount of economic gains that can be from electricity obtained was also calculated, and it was determined that this value can be 78,650,302 Euro for Turkey and 62,182,435 Euro for Poland. At the same time, it was calculated that the electricity needs of 406,170 houses in Turkey and 171,958 houses in Poland can be met in 2021. As a result, it is thought that the potential electricity to be obtained will contribute to determining energy gains and investment plans for biogas plants.Öğe Changes in Water Quality for Sprinkler Irrigation in Selected Lakes of the Poznan Lake District(Polish Soc Ecological Engineering-Ptie, 2023) Stachowski, Piotr; Rolbiecki, Stanislaw; Jagosz, Barbara; Krakowiak-Bal, Anna; Rolbiecki, Roman; Figas, Anna; Gumus, MehmetThe rapidly changing quality of irrigation water requires urgent attention to understand and predict the long-term effects on soils and food crops, especially in a situation of global freshwater scarcity. The aim of the research was to assess changes in water quality in two selected lakes located in Poland in 2009-2016. The study was carried out in terms of the possibility of using selected reservoirs as sources of water for sprinkler irrigation of agricul-tural crops. The presented analysis was compared with a similar one carried out in 1999-2006 and 2004-2009 to determine the historic and present water quality state. Results indicate, that the source of pollution of the lakes is most often outflows from sewerage systems, the precipitation and surface runoff from the catchment areas of these lakes, which are mainly used as agricultural land. In Lake Niepruszewskie, the oxygen conditions, water transpar-ency, phosphorus content, sestone dry matter and coliform titre increased, while the biological oxygen demand (BOD5), nitrogen, and chlorophyll content decreased. According to present research, in the Strykowskie Lake, the phosphorus content and BOD5 decreased, while the sanitary condition, nitrogen content and oxygen conditions deteriorated. The reduction of mineral fertilization in recent years has reduced the degradation of the lakes and allowed the water quality to remain in Class III of purity. Despite the visible improvement in the general condition of both studied lakes, constant monitoring of their quality is necessary, which is obligatory for the water from these reservoirs to be used for sprinkler irrigation of crops.Öğe Deficit Irrigation Stabilizes Fruit Yield and Alters Leaf Macro and Micronutrient Concentration in Tomato Cultivation in Greenhouses: A Case Study in Turkey(Mdpi, 2022) Atilgan, Atilgan; Rolbiecki, Roman; Saltuk, Burak; Jagosz, Barbara; Arslan, Firat; Erdal, Ibrahim; Aktas, HakanWater is crucial for agriculture and needs to be used effectively due to climate change and drought in the Mediterranean region. For this reason, to adapt to water deficit scenarios, deficit irrigation applications are increasing in importance. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of varying levels of irrigation on growth parameters and concentration of nutrients in tomato plants grown under greenhouse conditions. The irrigation schedule used in this study was designed to include 100% (control), 90%, 80% and 70% of evaporation from the class-A pan. Water deficit was found to cause a stress effect in tomato plants, which was reflected in changes in the physiological function plants, such as flowering and early ripening. In addition, the SPAD values were examined, for which the lowest value of the green color intensity of the leaves was 47.3 (I3) and the highest was 48.7 (I4). However, the results of statistical analyses show that the difference was not significant. We also observed that the height values of tomato plants were the highest in the period of seedling and fruit ripening under full irrigation. Furthermore, analysis of the macronutrient content of tomato leaves showed that the obtained values were below the threshold values recommended for manganese. Based on these and similar studies, we believe that the application of water stress is most effective during the phases in which the plants are least affected. We believe that determining the periods during which tomato or any other crop is be affected by the least water stress will be more accurate for both plant development and economic production.Öğe Defining Irrigation Scheduling Based on Crop Water Stress Index and Physiological Parameters for Hybrid Corn in Semi-Arid Climate(Middle Pomeranian Sci Soc Env Prot, 2022) Ucak, Ali Beyhan; Saltuk, Burak; Rolbiecki, Roman; Atilgan, AtilganThe goal of this study is to determine the crop water stress index (CWSI) and irrigation scheduling based on CWSI values, as well as to examine the correlations between CWSI, physiological parameters and grain yield of hybrid corn P31A34 in semi-arid climate conditions. In 2014 and 2015, the upper limit (UL) temperatures at which plants were entirely exposed to water stress were 1.178 & DEG;C and 2.38 & DEG;C, respectively. When the corn grain yield began to decline, the CWSI threshold value was 0.34, indicating the yield limit. Grain yield, crop water consumption, crop water stress index, chlorophyll content, water use efficiency and leaf area index were found to have negative correlations (p & LE; 0.01) with CWSI values in both years of the study. The findings revealed that in semi-arid climate conditions, a maximum of 30% water deficit could be used during the growing period of the corn compared to full irrigation (I100) for water savings and that a water deficit greater than 30% results in considerable grain yield losses. In areas with limited water resources, the moderate water deficit (I70) may be a viable alternative to the I100.Öğe Determination of global warming potential of dairy cattle farms(Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, 2023) Atilgan, Atilgan; Rolbiecki, Roman; Ertop, Hasan; Kociecka, Joanna; Aksoy, Ercument; Saltuk, BurakDairy cattle's breeding is carried out intensively in the Eastern Anatolia Region (Turkey) and is a source of methane emissions. This study calculated global warming potentials arising from enteric fermentation and manure management of existing dairy cattle farms in this region between 2016 and 2020 using the tier-1 method defined by the IPCC. As a result, it has been found that the global warming potential of this region is 20,287.68 x 103 tons of CO2 in total. The total CH4 value in the research area was 966.08 x 103 tons. Furthermore, it has been determined that 98.02% of these emissions are enteric CH4, and 1.98% is CH4 originating from fertiliser management. Therefore, it is seen that enteric CH4 constitutes a large part of the total CH4 emissions. For this reason, CH4 emissions can be controlled by choosing silage feeds in feed selection and adding minerals and vitamins to silage feeds.Öğe Determination of the Effect of a Thermal Curtain Used in a Greenhouse on the Indoor Climate and Energy Savings(Mdpi, 2023) Boyaci, Sedat; Atilgan, Atilgan; Kociecka, Joanna; Liberacki, Daniel; Rolbiecki, Roman; Jagosz, BarbaraIn order to reduce the impact of outdoor extreme weather events on crop production in winter, energy saving in greenhouses that are regularly heated is of great importance in reducing production costs and carbon footprints. For this purpose, the variations in indoor temperature, relative humidity and dew point temperature in the vertical direction (2 m, 4 m, 5.7 m) of thermal curtains in greenhouses were determined. In addition, depending on the fuel used, the curtains' effects on heat energy consumption, heat transfer coefficient, carbon dioxide equivalents released to the atmosphere and fuel cost were investigated. To reach this goal, two greenhouses with the same structural features were designed with and without thermal curtains. As a result of the study, the indoor temperature and relative humidity values in the greenhouse with a thermal curtain increased by 1.3 degrees C and 10% compared to the greenhouse without a thermal curtain. Thermal curtains in the greenhouse significantly reduced fuel use (59.14-74.11 m3 center dot night-1). Considering the heat energy consumption, the average heat energy consumption was 453.7 kWh center dot night-1 in the greenhouse with a curtain, while it was 568.6 kWh center dot night-1 in the greenhouse without a curtain. The average heat transfer coefficient (U) values were calculated at 2.87 W center dot m-2 degrees C with a thermal curtain and 3.63 W center dot m-2 degrees C without a thermal curtain greenhouse. In the greenhouse, closing the thermal curtain at night resulted in heat energy savings of about 21%, related to the decrease in U values. The use of a thermal curtain in the greenhouse reduced the amount of CO2 released to the atmosphere (116.6-146.1 kg center dot night-1) and fuel cost (USD 21.3-26.7 center dot night-1). To conclude, extreme weather events in the outdoor environment adversely affect the plants grown in greenhouses where cultivation is performed out of season. A thermal curtain, used to reduce these adverse effects and the amount of energy consumed, is essential in improving indoor climate conditions, providing more economical greenhouse management and reducing the CO2 released into the atmosphere due to fuel use.Öğe Determination of the Effects of Different Irrigation Levels and Vermicompost Doses on Water Consumption and Yield of Greenhouse-Grown Tomato(Mdpi, 2024) Boyaci, Sedat; Kociecka, Joanna; Atilgan, Atilgan; Niemiec, Marcin; Liberacki, Daniel; Rolbiecki, RomanThis study was conducted in pots under a polycarbonate greenhouse to determine the effects of different irrigation levels and vermicompost doses on the morphological and phenological characteristics, water consumption, water use efficiency, and yield parameters of tomato plants. For this purpose, different irrigation levels of 100%, 75%, 50% (I100: full irrigation, I75, I50) and vermicompost (VC) doses of 0, 10% and 20% (VC0, VC10 and VC20, w/w) were applied as the treatments. The study's results determined the irrigation levels and vermicompost doses affected the tomato plants' morphological and fruit quality parameters. The highest and lowest plant water consumption (ET) values for the treatments were determined as 47.8 L (I100VC10) and 21.2 L (I50VC0), respectively. Moreover, irrigation water levels and vermicompost doses significantly influenced the total yield of tomatoes. The highest and lowest total and marketable yields were obtained from the I100VC20 and I50VC0 irrigation levels and vermicompost doses. Similarly, the highest and lowest total water use efficiencies were achieved from the I100VC20 (21.9 g L-1) and I50VC0 (11.0 g L-1) treatments. Furthermore, the highest and lowest marketable water use efficiencies were obtained from the I100VC20 (21.9 g L-1) and I50VC0 (7.8 g L-1) treatments. The yield response factor (ky) was found to be 1.42. Although the highest efficiency was achieved from 100% full irrigation and a 20% vermicompost dose in the study, it is suggested that 75% irrigation level and 10% fertilizer doses can also be applied in places where water is limited and fertilizer is expensive. The results revealed that the appropriate irrigation level and vermicompost doses could reliably be used to enhance tomato yield.Öğe Determination of the Vertical Distribution Pattern of Indoor Climate Parameters in the Greenhouse Heated in the Winter Period(Middle Pomeranian Sci Soc Env Prot, 2023) Boyac, Sedat; Baspinar, Ayse; Atilgan, Atilgan; Rolbiecki, RomanEnsuring the homogeneity of the indoor climate throughout the greenhouse is very important for uniform plant cultivation. In the study carried out to determine the indoor climate distribution in the heated greenhouse in the terrestrial climate, indoor temperature, relative humidity, dew point and vapour pressure deficit values were measured from 8 different measurement points. The distribution pattern of the measurement points was made horizontally and vertically at 2, 4 and 6 meters. Sensor placements are grouped vertically at 2 meters (G1: S1, S2 S3), at 4 meters (G2: S4, S5, S6) and at 6 meters (G3: S7, S8). Measurements taken during the day are divided into three parts. The climatic changes in the greenhouse were monitored as daily (00:00-23:30), daytime (08:30-17:30) and night (18:00-08:00) hours. According to the results obtained from the research, it was determined that the indoor climate parameters in the greenhouse change during the average daily, daytime and night hours at different times of the day and at different locations. According to this, it has been determined that it is important for better regulation of the greenhouse climate by monitoring the changes in the plant level as it rises from the greenhouse floor to the ridge with multiple sensors instead of a single sensor.Öğe Effect of Drip Fertigation with Nitrogen Application on Bioactive Compounds and the Nutritional Value of Potato Tubers before and after Their Long-Term Storage(2021) Wichrowska, Dorota; Rolbiecki, Roman; Rolbiecki, Stanislaw; Sadan, Hicran A.; Figas, Anna; Jagosz, Barbara; Atılgan, AtılganThe nutritional value and the content of bioactive compounds in potato tubers are influenced by many soil, climate and agrotechnical factors. This study investigated the effect of drip irrigation and nitrogen fertilization by broadcasting and fertigation on the content of dry matter, starch, monosaccharides, total sugars, vitamin C, polyphenolic compounds, chlorogenic acid and antioxidant activity in tubers of "Augusta " potatoes. Additionally, the magnitude of the changes in the tested components during their long-term storage (6 months) was also assessed. Drip irrigation had a significant positive effect on the content of dry matter, starch, vitamin C, monosaccharides, sucrose, total sugars, total polyphenols, chlorogenic acid and antioxidant capacity. Compared to broadcasting fertilization, fertigation significantly increased the content of vitamin C, total polyphenols and chlorogenic acid, as well as the antioxidant activity of potato tubers. Long-term storage contributed to a decrease in the tested components. The exception was the content of monosaccharides, where a more than twofold increase was noted, especially in the case of irrigated tubers. The results of the research showed a beneficial effect of drip irrigation and fertigation on the content of bioactive compounds and the nutritional value of "Augusta " potato tubers.Öğe Effect of subsurface drip fertigation with nitrogen on the yield of asparagus grown for the green spears on a light soil in central Poland(2022) Rolbiecki, Roman; Sadan, Hicran; Rolbiecki, Stanislaw; Jagosz, Barbara; Szczepanek, Malgorzata; Figas, Anna; Atılgan, Atılgan; Pal-Fam, Ferenc; Panka, DariuszAbstract: During the growing period of many agricultural and horticultural plants, the use of fertigation usually increases the yield; however, the response to this treatment may depend on the cultivar. The effect of subsurface drip fertigation with nitrogen on the yield of three asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) cultivars grown for green spears in light soil was studied. The multi-year (2011–2017) field experiment was carried out on sandy soil and was arranged in a split-plot design with four replications. The first factor was the method of fertilization with nitrogen: (1) control— spreading nitrogen fertilization without irrigation and (2) subsurface drip fertigation with nitrogen. The second factor was the genotype (a cultivar) of asparagus—the following cultivars were tested: Ramada, Rapsody and Ravel. Generally, subsurface drip fertigation with nitrogen increases the marketable yield of green spears and the number of spears produced by a single plant, as well single-spear weight. ‘Ramada’ achieved the best results with all yield parameters. A significant correlation coefficient between the sum of rainfall and irrigation rates and yield parameters of tested cultivars was also found. The studies showed a varied response of the tested asparagus cultivars to the fertigation treatment.Öğe Effect of the forecast air temperature change on the water needs of vines in the region of Bydgoszcz, Northern Poland(2022) Jagosz, Barbara; Rolbiecki, Stanislaw; Rolbiecki, Roman; Ptach, Wieslaw; Sadan, Hicran Asmin; Kasperska-Wolowicz, Wieslawa; Pal-Fam, Ferenc; Atılgan, AtılganThe climatic changes observed in Poland are manifested by an increase in air temperature, but not an increase in rainfall, which causes an increase in the water needs of plants, and hence the necessity to develop irrigation systems for crops. The aim of this study was to assess the water needs of grapevines in 2021-2050 in the Bydgoszcz region (northern Poland), an area with high requirements for supplementary irrigation. The calculations were based on the expected changes in air temperature according to the climate change scenario for Poland: the 4th Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change-Special Report on Emissions Scenarios: balanced scenario (A1B). The average monthly temperature in 1981-2010 was used in the calculations. The water needs of grapevines were estimated using the reference evapotranspiration calculated using the Blaney-Criddle equation, and then using the crop coefficient and potential (crop) evapotranspiration. It was found that in 2021-2050, the water needs of grapevines, both during the growing season (May-September) and during the irrigation period (June-August), will increase by 6%. The highest and significant increase in water needs, by 10%, should be expected in August. The estimated increase in water needs of grapevines indicates the need to development sustainable irrigation systems for vineyards in northern Poland.Öğe Evaluation of Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI) for High Tunnel Greenhouse Tomatoes under Different Irrigation Levels(Mdpi, 2024) Boyaci, Sedat; Kociecka, Joanna; Atilgan, Atilgan; Liberacki, Daniel; Rolbiecki, Roman; Saltuk, Burak; Stachowski, PiotrAn experiment was conducted to determine the effect of water stress on yield and various physiological parameters, including the crop water stress index for tomatoes in the Central Anatolian region of Turkey. For this purpose, the irrigation schedule used in this study includes 120%, 100%, 80%, and 60% (I120, I100, I80, I60) of evaporation from the gravimetrically. Water deficit was found to cause a stress effect in tomato plants, which was reflected in changes in plants' morphological and pomological function (such as stem diameter, fruit weight, pH, titratable acidity, and total soluble solids). Irrigation levels had a significant effect on the total yield of tomatoes. The lowest water use efficiency (WUE) was obtained from the I60, while the highest WUE was found in the I100 irrigation level. The CWSI was calculated using an empirical approach from measurements of infrared canopy temperatures, ambient air temperatures, and vapor pressure deficit values for four irrigation levels. The crop water stress index (CWSI) values ranged from -0.63 to a maximum value of 0.53 in I120, from -0.27 to 0.63 in I100, from 0.06 to 0.80 in I80, and from 0.37 to 0.97 in I60. There was a significant relation between yield and CWSI. The yield was correlated with mean CWSI values, and the linear equation Total yield = -2398.9CWSI + 1240.4 can be used for yield prediction. The results revealed that the CWSI value was useful for evaluating crop water stress in tomatoes and predicting yield.Öğe Investigation of Annual Lake Water Levels and Water Volumes with Sen Innovation and Mann-Kendall Rank Correlation Trend Tests: Example of Lake Egirdir, Turkey(Mdpi, 2022) Yucel, Ali; Markovic, Monika; Atilgan, Atilgan; Rolbiecki, Roman; Ertop, Hasan; Jagosz, Barbara; Ptach, WieslawLakes are the most important freshwater resources for humans. It is stated that together with population growth, unplanned urbanization, excessive water consumption, industrialization, and unconscious irrigation, global climate change causes changes in the water levels and volumes of lakes. Lake Egirdir in Turkey, which is important in terms of drinking and irrigation water use, was chosen as the study area. Lake Egirdir water level (LWL) and water volume (LWV) values measured between 1988-2019 were used. Dependencies in the annual LWL and LWV were examined by autocorrelation analysis, and trend changes were examined by regression analysis, the Mann-Kendall rank correlation test, and the Sen innovation trend test. The research has shown a significant decrease since 2000 in LWL and since 1990 in LWV. The LWL has decreased by -1.272 to -3.514 m and the LWV has decreased by -72.980 to -1082.134 hm(3) in approximately 32 years. The actions to be taken based on the values determined in this study will help protect the water resources of lakes. As a result of the tests used in our study, it was determined that there were decreases in both the water level and the volume of the lake. The climatic changes in the lake basin and the decrease in the water resources feeding the lake are shown as the biggest factor in these reductions.Öğe Possibilities of Using Whey Wastes in Agriculture: Case of Turkey(Mdpi, 2022) Sirmacekic, Esmanur; Atilgan, Atilgan; Rolbiecki, Roman; Jagosz, Barbara; Rolbiecki, Stanislaw; Gokdogan, Osman; Niemiec, MarcinLiquid wastes are generated during production in the milk and cheese industries. During cheese production, whey emerges as a liquid product. Researchers define waste as raw material instead of waste alone. Hence, there is no doubt that the use and management of waste will gain greater importance in the upcoming years. This study discusses the use of whey, which is food waste, in agriculture and the benefits derived from it in terms of energy value. Our research was based on the current literature and the amount of whey that emerged in the dairy industry. For this purpose, the existing literature was evaluated to determine how much waste was produced from whey. The total amount of whey waste in Turkey for 2021 was determined. Afterwards, the amount of potential energy was determined in evaluating these wastes. Turkey's total amount of potential energy obtained from whey waste was calculated as 570.11 x 10(6) MJ, with 158.36 x 10(6) kWh as potential electrical energy. Moreover, it was calculated that a total of 158.36 x 10(6) kWh of electrical energy would meet the electrical energy of 688,548 families of four people for a month. It is also stated that this potential energy will be used in the field of equivalent electrical energy content and agriculture. It is a fact that cheese wastewater, rich in nutrients and organic matter, can be used in agriculture. Whey is used as animal feed in agricultural fertilization activities and the livestock sector. It has also been understood from the literature that it can also be used in biogas production. However, it should not be forgotten that whey released into rivers, water sources, or sewers threatens the environment due to its high protein content. Therefore, by increasing the number of similar studies on the subject, a wide range of wastes, such as whey, can be utilized in the most accurate manner. As a result, environmental protection, conservation of water resources, and energy conservation can be ensured by properly benefiting from whey waste. Considering that the world population will increase in the future, it is a fact that we will need a cleaner environment and more energy. It was concluded that greater importance should be given to waste management practices for a cleaner environment and energy saving.Öğe Sustainable development in the human environment: Current and future challenges(European Regional Centre Ecohydrology Polish Acad Sciences, 2024) Obolewski, Krystian; Rolbiecki, Roman; Atilgan, Atilgan[Abstract Not Available]Öğe Sustainable Water Management of Drip-Irrigated Asparagus under Conditions of Central Poland: Evapotranspiration, Water Needs and Rainfall Deficits(Mdpi, 2024) Rolbiecki, Stanislaw; Rolbiecki, Roman; Sadan, Hicran A.; Jagosz, Barbara; Kasperska-Wolowicz, Wieslawa; Kanecka-Geszke, Ewa; Pal-Fam, FerencWater is a valuable yet scarce resource in agriculture. Optimizing crop production relies on irrigation, but within the framework of sustainable agriculture, efforts should prioritize reducing irrigation water usage. Unfortunately, climate change increases plant water requirements, consequently heightening the need for irrigation. The aim of the research was to estimate the water needs of asparagus during the fern growth period (21 June-31 August) using the Blaney-Criddle method. The study also aimed to determine trends in changing water needs and estimate precipitation deficits. Calculations were carried out for the years 1981-2020 across four provinces in central Poland. The research indicated that water needs varied between 233 mm and 242 mm, depending on the province. Over the forty-year period, all provinces displayed an increasing trend in water needs, with a rise of 3.1 mm to 6.2 mm per decade. Between 21 June and 31 August, rainfall deficits occurred with varying intensity in all provinces during normal, medium dry and very dry years. The values of water needs and rainfall deficit, calculated as a result of the research, are of key importance in the design, construction, and management of drip irrigation systems for asparagus plantations in central Poland.Öğe The Effect of Drip Irrigation and Nitrogen Levels on the Oil and Fatty Acid Composition of Sesame and Its Economic Analysis(Mdpi, 2024) Tas, Ismail; Akcura, Sevim; Kaplan, Mahmut; Jagosz, Barbara; Atilgan, Atilgan; Kociecka, Joanna; Rolbiecki, RomanOne of the oldest oilseed crops is sesame, which is mainly cultivated due to its valuable oleic/linolenic fatty acid ratio. The application of precise irrigation and fertilisation is crucial to ensure the continuity and productivity of sesame production, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. This study aimed to determine the effect of drip irrigation and nitrogen levels on sesame's oil and fatty acid composition. For this purpose, four nitrogen doses (N0: 0 kg ha-1, N30: 30 kg ha-1, N60: 60 kg ha-1 and N90: 90 kg ha-1) and three different irrigation water levels (I50, I75 and I100, which correspond to 50, 75 and 100% evaporation levels from the evaporation of the Class A pan) were applied. The highest oleic acid content (43.06%) was obtained for the I75N90 treatment. In the case of linoleic fatty acid, the greatest value (43.66%) was for I50N0 treatment. The effects of irrigation and nitrogen doses on oleic acid and linoleic acid content were inverse of each other. An increase in applied irrigation water increased the linoleic acid content. However, it caused a decrease in oleic acid content. Increasing the nitrogen dose increased the oleic acid content and caused a decrease in linoleic acid content. Furthermore, this study showed that the I50N60 treatment (50% Epan and a rate of 60 kg N ha-1) is the most effective for achieving high grain and oil yields in sesame cultivation. The results obtained provide practical guidance for farmers in sesame cultivation.
