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    VACCINE STUDIES TARGETING MELANOMA
    (Biruni Üniversitesi, 2025) Oymak, Sanem; Yavuz, Feyza; Kuran, Sara Azra; Zıkşahna, Kaan; Dinçer, Zeynep Yaren; Adıyıl, Rumeysa; Ihlamur, Murat
    Melanoma is a malignancy of melanocytic origin that has particular importance among skin cancers due to its high metastatic potential and mortality. Although surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted therapies achieve partial success in melanoma, treatment resistance, relapse, and systemic adverse effects highlight the ongoing need for novel immunotherapeutic approaches. Cancer vaccines have emerged as strategies that aim to reduce tumor burden and prevent recurrence by inducing specific humoral and cellular immune responses against tumor cells or tumor-associated antigens. In this review, the current status of vaccine studies targeting the immune system in the treatment of melanoma is comprehensively evaluated within the framework of mRNA-based vaccines, dendritic cell (DC) vaccines, and neoantigen-based personalized vaccine strategies. Preclinical animal models and clinical studies involving patients with metastatic melanoma reported in the literature demonstrate that mRNA and DC vaccines can effectively activate CD4? and CD8? T cells, slow tumor growth, and provide clinical responses in selected cases. However, the genetic heterogeneity of melanoma, immune escape mechanisms, appropriate antigen selection, optimization of adjuvants and delivery systems, and issues related to manufacturing and cost constitute major limitations. Current evidence indicates that melanoma vaccines, particularly when combined with other immunotherapies such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, have the potential to contribute meaningfully to treatment; however, well-designed clinical trials involving larger patient cohorts are needed before these approaches can be incorporated into routine clinical practice.