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Öğe Assessment of pesticide contamination in pomegranates: A multivariate approach and health risk evaluation(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2025) Gormez, Emrah; Odabas, Eylem; Golge, Ozgur; Gonzalez-Curbelo, Miguel Angel; Kabak, BulentPesticide residues in pomegranates pose a significant food safety concern, particularly given the rising global consumption of this fruit. This study monitored 316 pesticide residues in 342 pomegranate samples from Turkey's three primary pomegranate production regions using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Pesticide residues were detected in 72.8% of the samples, with 40 different pesticides identified, 15 of which were unauthorized. Spirotetramat, acetamiprid, and fludioxonil were among the most frequently detected, with concentrations exceeding the maximum residue levels set by the European Union in 40.6% of the contaminated samples. Multivariate analysis revealed strong correlations between specific pesticide pairs, suggesting common usage patterns. The chronic hazard index was 0.0132 for adults and 0.0403 for children, indicating no significant chronic health risks. The acute health risks for all pesticides remained below acceptable limits, except for acetamiprid, which exceeded the threshold (1.186) for children. However, the presence of non-approved pesticides, such as omethoate, raises concerns about regulatory compliance. Continued surveillance and risk assessment are essential to minimize potential health risks, particularly for vulnerable populations consuming pomegranates.Öğe Monitoring and Risk Assessment of Multi-Pesticide Residues in Apples: A Focus on Consumer Safety(Mdpi, 2024) Odabas, Eylem; Keklik, Mehmet; Golge, Ozgur; Gonzalez-Curbelo, Miguel angel; Kabak, BulentPesticide residues in human diets pose significant health hazards, particularly for vulnerable populations such as infants and children. This study aimed to determine pesticide residues in apples and to assess the cumulatively chronic risk posed to adult and child consumers from simultaneous exposure to multiple residues. During the 2022-2023 harvest seasons, 100 apple samples from Turkey were analyzed for the presence of 225 different pesticide residues. Pesticide extraction was performed using the QuEChERS method, followed by detection through liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Fifteen distinct pesticides (ten insecticides and five fungicides) were detected in 64 out of the 100 apple samples analyzed. Eleven samples contained pesticide residues that exceeded the maximum residue limit (MRL) set by the Turkish Food Codex and the European Union. Thiophanate-methyl was the most frequently detected pesticide (34%) in apples, with concentrations ranging from 0.012 to 0.108 mg kg-1, all of which were well below the MRL of 0.5 mg kg-1. Other commonly detected residues included chlorantraniliprole (28%), acetamiprid (24%), sulfoxaflor (22%), bifenazate (18%), indoxacarb (13%), diflubenzuron (12%), and carbendazim (10%). Under a worst-case scenario, the hazard index (HI) values for adults and children were 0.85% and 2.60%, respectively, indicating that these values remain significantly below the risk threshold of 100%, suggesting no associated health risks from apple consumption. However, regular monitoring of pesticide residues in fresh fruits and vegetables remains critically important.Öğe Pesticide residue levels in strawberries and human health risk assessment(Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science, 2025) Keklik, Mehmet; Odabas, Eylem; Golge, Ozgur; Kabak, BulentPesticides have been a primary tool in pest management worldwide. However, pesticide contamination is a major food safety risk in the fresh food supply chain. This study aims to monitor 240 pesticide residues in 245 strawberry samples and assess the health risk for Turkish adult and child consumer groups. Over three consecutive harvest years (2021-2023), strawberries were collected from farmers in the Ayd & imath;n region of Turkey and analysed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Out of the 245 strawberry samples analysed, 61.6% contained 32 different pesticides (17 fungicides and 15 insecticides), five of which were non-approved. Additionally, 6.5 % of the strawberry samples exceeded the European Union Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs). Multiple residues were recorded in 42.9% of strawberry samples. Pyrimethanil was the most commonly identified pesticide (30.2 %), followed by boscalid (27.4 %), fluopyram (17.1 %), and bifenazate (15.1 %). In the worst-case scenario, cumulative exposure to pesticides through strawberry consumption was determined to be 6.5 x 10-5 mg kg-1 b.w. day-1 for adults and 2.0 x 10-4 mg kg-1 b.w. day-1 for children. The hazard index (HI) values, under the worst-case scenario, were calculated to be 0.32 % for adults and 0.97 % for children. These results indicate that there is no cause for concern regarding cumulative exposure to residues through strawberry consumption for the Turkish population.Öğe Quantification and risk assessment of pesticide residues in Sultani seedless grapes: Implications for consumer safety(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2025) Keklik, Mehmet; Odabas, Eylem; Golge, Ozgur; Kabak, BulentPesticides are frequently used in viticulture to control various pests and diseases, but their residues can accumulate in grape products, raising concerns regarding consumer safety. This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of 268 pesticide residues in Sultani seedless grapes produced in Turkey, with a particular focus on their potential implications for both acute and chronic health risks. Of the 473 grape samples analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, only 11 samples (2.3 %) were free from detectable pesticide residues. Pesticide residues at quantifiable levels were identified in 462 samples (97.7 %), and 52 of these samples exceeded the European Union Maximum Residue Levels. The most frequently recorded pesticides in grapes, with occurrence rates exceeding 50 %, were ametoctradin, metalaxyl, cyprodinil, pyrimethanil, spirotetramat, and fluopyram. Chronic dietary exposure assessments revealed that pesticide residues in grapes do not pose substantial health risks to both adults and children in Turkey, as hazard quotients remained well below critical thresholds. However, acute exposure risks for acetamiprid, emamectin benzoate, and lambda-cyhalothrin exceeded acceptable limits in a fraction of the samples, especially for children. These findings underscore the importance of enhanced pesticide monitoring and regulatory compliance to ensure consumer safety and promote the adoption of integrated pest management practices.
