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Öğe Analysis of SPI as a drought indicator during the maize growing period in the Cukurova Region (Turkey)(2022) Rolbiecki, Roman; Yücel, Ali; Koci?cka, Joanna; Atılgan, Atılgan; Markovic, Monica; Liberacki, DanielAbstract: One of the major challenges for agriculture related to climate change is drought. The increasing temperatures and decreasing precipitation in many parts of the world have enhanced the frequency and severity of drought events. Therefore, a detailed analysis is required in order to determine the drought frequency and take the necessary precautions. In this study, the climatic conditions in the agricultural region of Çukurova (Turkey) were analysed. Meteorological data for the three provinces of Adana, Mersin, and Osmaniye were used. The aim was to calculate the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) for each of the three provinces analysed, and to use these values to detect drought during the different growth periods of maize. We also investigated whether the SPI values for the last 30 years differ significantly between the provinces. Furthermore, indicators such as the duration, magnitude, severity, recurrence, and drought frequency were also calculated. Using linear regression analysis, we determined whether there were trends in the multi-year data for the total precipitation and mean temperature. In addition, the water deficiency was determined by examining the amount of water required by maize and the adequacy of the precipitation in each development period. As a result, it was found that the Çukurova region is prone to droughts, but they follow a mild course in most cases. However, no statistically significant differences were observed between the SPI values in the three provinces. The calculated average approximate drought recurrences (Tr) and expected intensities (Iave) were Tr ~ 1.036 years and Iave ~ 5.634 mm year?1 in 3 years for Adana, Tr ~ 1.031 years and Iave ~ ?0.312 mm year?1 in 3 years for Mersin, and Tr ~ 1.052 years and Iave ~ ?0.084 mm year?1 in 3 years Osmaniye. The research carried out in this paper confirmed that maize cultivation in the Çukurova region is vulnerable to drought, and adaptation actions should be taken immediately.Öğe Assessment of the Crop Water Stress Index for Green Pepper Cultivation Under Different Irrigation Levels(Mdpi, 2025) Boyaci, Sedat; Kociecka, Joanna; Kesicka, Barbara; Atilgan, Atilgan; Liberacki, DanielThe objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different water levels on yield, morphological, and quality parameters, as well as the crop water stress index (CWSI), for pepper plants under a high tunnel greenhouse in a semi-arid region. For this purpose, the irrigation schedule used in this study includes 120%, 100%, 80%, and 60% (I120, I100, I80, and I60) of evaporation monitored gravimetrically. In this study, increasing irrigation levels (I100 and I120) resulted in increased stem diameter, plant height, fruit number, leaf number, and leaf area values. However, these values decreased as the water level dropped (I60 and I80). At the same time, increased irrigation resulted in improvements in fruit width, length, and weight, as well as a decrease in TSS values. While total yield and marketable yield values increased at the I120 water level, TWUE and MWUE were the highest at the I100 water level. I80 and I120 water levels were statistically in the same group. It was found that the application of I100 water level in the high tunnel greenhouse is the appropriate irrigation level in terms of morphology and quality parameters. However, in places with water scarcity, a moderate water deficit (I80) can be adopted instead of full (I100) or excessive irrigation (I120) in pepper cultivation in terms of water conservation. The experimental results reveal significant correlations between the parameters of green pepper yield and the CWSI. Therefore, a mean CWSI of 0.16 is recommended for irrigation level I100 for higher-quality yields. A mean CWSI of 0.22 is recommended for irrigation level I80 in areas where water is scarce. While increasing the CWSI values decreased the values of crop water consumption, leaf area index, total yield, marketable yield, total water use efficiency, and marketable water use efficiency, decreasing the CWSI increased these values. This study concluded that the CWSI can be effectively utilised in irrigation time planning under semi-arid climate conditions. With the advancement of technology, determining the CWSI using remote sensing-based methods and integrating it into greenhouse automation systems will become increasingly important in determining irrigation times.Öğe Calculation of the Potential Biogas and Electricity Values of Animal Wastes: Turkey and Poland Case(Mdpi, 2023) Ertop, Hasan; Atilgan, Atilgan; Kociecka, Joanna; Krakowiak-Bal, Anna; Liberacki, Daniel; Saltuk, Burak; Rolbiecki, RomanThis research aimed to analyze the potential amount of electrical energy from biogas energy obtained from animal wastes in Turkey and Poland. Animal waste values were calculated by taking into account the recommended literature values. In determining the biomass energy potential of livestock enterprises in Turkey and Poland, FAO's 2012-2021 data were taken into account. The animal breeds selected as material in this study were cattle, goat, sheep, chicken, duck, goose, turkey, horse, pig, mule and donkey. Considering 10-year calculations, the potential amount of biogas energy that can be obtained from animal wastes for Turkey is 28,845,975 GJ, which is equivalent to 8,105,058 MWh of electrical energy. In Poland, the potential amount of biogas energy that can be generated from animal waste is 13,999,612 GJ, which is equivalent to 3,902,020 MWh of electricity. Moreover, it is estimated that the percentage of the potential amount of electricity to be obtained in 2021 to cover the amount of electricity consumed is 0.303% for Turkey and 0.392% for Poland. For 2021, the amount of economic gains that can be from electricity obtained was also calculated, and it was determined that this value can be 78,650,302 Euro for Turkey and 62,182,435 Euro for Poland. At the same time, it was calculated that the electricity needs of 406,170 houses in Turkey and 171,958 houses in Poland can be met in 2021. As a result, it is thought that the potential electricity to be obtained will contribute to determining energy gains and investment plans for biogas plants.Öğe Derinkuyu dry bean irrigation planning in semi-arid climate by utilising crop water stress index values(Polish Academy of Sciences Publishing House, 2023) Uçak, Ali Beyhan; Atilgan, Atilgan; Korytowski, Mariusz; Koci?cka, Joanna; Liberacki, Daniel; Stachowski, Piotr; Saltuk, BurakThis study was conducted to determine crop water stress index (CWSI) values and irrigation timing in the case of Derinkuyu dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). In 2017, dry beans were grown as the main crop according to the field design consisting of plots divided into randomised blocks. Irrigation treatment comprised full irrigation (I100) and irrigation issues with three different levels of water stress (I66, I33, I0). This study applied 602 mm of water under the I100 irrigation. The yield of Derinkuyu dry beans was equal to 3576.6 kg?ha–1 in I100 irrigation. The lower limit (LL) value, which is not necessary for the determination of CWSI, was obtained as the canopy–air temperature difference (Tc – Ta) versus the air vapour pressure deficit (VPD). The upper limit (UL) value, at which the dry beans were wholly exposed to water stress, was obtained at a constant temperature. The threshold CWSI value at which the grain yield of dry beans started to decrease was determined as 0.33 from the measurements made with an infrared thermometer before irrigation in I66 irrigation treatment. As a result, it can be suggested that irrigation should be applied when the CWSI value is 0.33 in dry beans. Furthermore, the correlation analysis revealed a negative correlation between grain yield and crop water stress index and a positive correlation between yield and chlorophyll content. According to variance analysis, significant relationships were found between the analysed parameters at p ? 0.01 and p ? 0.05. © 2023. The Authors.Öğe Determination of the Effect of a Thermal Curtain Used in a Greenhouse on the Indoor Climate and Energy Savings(Mdpi, 2023) Boyaci, Sedat; Atilgan, Atilgan; Kociecka, Joanna; Liberacki, Daniel; Rolbiecki, Roman; Jagosz, BarbaraIn order to reduce the impact of outdoor extreme weather events on crop production in winter, energy saving in greenhouses that are regularly heated is of great importance in reducing production costs and carbon footprints. For this purpose, the variations in indoor temperature, relative humidity and dew point temperature in the vertical direction (2 m, 4 m, 5.7 m) of thermal curtains in greenhouses were determined. In addition, depending on the fuel used, the curtains' effects on heat energy consumption, heat transfer coefficient, carbon dioxide equivalents released to the atmosphere and fuel cost were investigated. To reach this goal, two greenhouses with the same structural features were designed with and without thermal curtains. As a result of the study, the indoor temperature and relative humidity values in the greenhouse with a thermal curtain increased by 1.3 degrees C and 10% compared to the greenhouse without a thermal curtain. Thermal curtains in the greenhouse significantly reduced fuel use (59.14-74.11 m3 center dot night-1). Considering the heat energy consumption, the average heat energy consumption was 453.7 kWh center dot night-1 in the greenhouse with a curtain, while it was 568.6 kWh center dot night-1 in the greenhouse without a curtain. The average heat transfer coefficient (U) values were calculated at 2.87 W center dot m-2 degrees C with a thermal curtain and 3.63 W center dot m-2 degrees C without a thermal curtain greenhouse. In the greenhouse, closing the thermal curtain at night resulted in heat energy savings of about 21%, related to the decrease in U values. The use of a thermal curtain in the greenhouse reduced the amount of CO2 released to the atmosphere (116.6-146.1 kg center dot night-1) and fuel cost (USD 21.3-26.7 center dot night-1). To conclude, extreme weather events in the outdoor environment adversely affect the plants grown in greenhouses where cultivation is performed out of season. A thermal curtain, used to reduce these adverse effects and the amount of energy consumed, is essential in improving indoor climate conditions, providing more economical greenhouse management and reducing the CO2 released into the atmosphere due to fuel use.Öğe Determination of the Effects of Different Irrigation Levels and Vermicompost Doses on Water Consumption and Yield of Greenhouse-Grown Tomato(Mdpi, 2024) Boyaci, Sedat; Kociecka, Joanna; Atilgan, Atilgan; Niemiec, Marcin; Liberacki, Daniel; Rolbiecki, RomanThis study was conducted in pots under a polycarbonate greenhouse to determine the effects of different irrigation levels and vermicompost doses on the morphological and phenological characteristics, water consumption, water use efficiency, and yield parameters of tomato plants. For this purpose, different irrigation levels of 100%, 75%, 50% (I100: full irrigation, I75, I50) and vermicompost (VC) doses of 0, 10% and 20% (VC0, VC10 and VC20, w/w) were applied as the treatments. The study's results determined the irrigation levels and vermicompost doses affected the tomato plants' morphological and fruit quality parameters. The highest and lowest plant water consumption (ET) values for the treatments were determined as 47.8 L (I100VC10) and 21.2 L (I50VC0), respectively. Moreover, irrigation water levels and vermicompost doses significantly influenced the total yield of tomatoes. The highest and lowest total and marketable yields were obtained from the I100VC20 and I50VC0 irrigation levels and vermicompost doses. Similarly, the highest and lowest total water use efficiencies were achieved from the I100VC20 (21.9 g L-1) and I50VC0 (11.0 g L-1) treatments. Furthermore, the highest and lowest marketable water use efficiencies were obtained from the I100VC20 (21.9 g L-1) and I50VC0 (7.8 g L-1) treatments. The yield response factor (ky) was found to be 1.42. Although the highest efficiency was achieved from 100% full irrigation and a 20% vermicompost dose in the study, it is suggested that 75% irrigation level and 10% fertilizer doses can also be applied in places where water is limited and fertilizer is expensive. The results revealed that the appropriate irrigation level and vermicompost doses could reliably be used to enhance tomato yield.Öğe Evaluation of Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI) for High Tunnel Greenhouse Tomatoes under Different Irrigation Levels(Mdpi, 2024) Boyaci, Sedat; Kociecka, Joanna; Atilgan, Atilgan; Liberacki, Daniel; Rolbiecki, Roman; Saltuk, Burak; Stachowski, PiotrAn experiment was conducted to determine the effect of water stress on yield and various physiological parameters, including the crop water stress index for tomatoes in the Central Anatolian region of Turkey. For this purpose, the irrigation schedule used in this study includes 120%, 100%, 80%, and 60% (I120, I100, I80, I60) of evaporation from the gravimetrically. Water deficit was found to cause a stress effect in tomato plants, which was reflected in changes in plants' morphological and pomological function (such as stem diameter, fruit weight, pH, titratable acidity, and total soluble solids). Irrigation levels had a significant effect on the total yield of tomatoes. The lowest water use efficiency (WUE) was obtained from the I60, while the highest WUE was found in the I100 irrigation level. The CWSI was calculated using an empirical approach from measurements of infrared canopy temperatures, ambient air temperatures, and vapor pressure deficit values for four irrigation levels. The crop water stress index (CWSI) values ranged from -0.63 to a maximum value of 0.53 in I120, from -0.27 to 0.63 in I100, from 0.06 to 0.80 in I80, and from 0.37 to 0.97 in I60. There was a significant relation between yield and CWSI. The yield was correlated with mean CWSI values, and the linear equation Total yield = -2398.9CWSI + 1240.4 can be used for yield prediction. The results revealed that the CWSI value was useful for evaluating crop water stress in tomatoes and predicting yield.Öğe THE EFFECTS OF HIGH TEMPERATURE AND LOW HUMIDITY ON CROP WATER STRESS INDEX OF SEED PUMPKIN PLANTS (Cucurbita pepo L.) IN SEMI-ARID CLIMATE CONDITIONS(Univ Life Sciences Lublin, 2024) Ucak, Ali Beyhan; Kociecka, Joanna; Liberacki, Daniel; Saltuk, Burak; Atilgan, Atilgan; Stachowski, Piotr; Rolbiecki, RomanThis study aimed to evaluate the effects of high temperature and low humidity on the crop water stress index (CWSI) of seed pumpkin plants grown under semi -arid climate conditions to determine the optimum irrigation time. This research unveils the critical impact of high temperature and low humidity on seed pumpkin growth, emphasizing the vital role of the CWSI in optimizing irrigation strategies and seed yield. Moreover, the relationship between CWSI, physiological parameters, and seed yield of the pumpkin was investigated. The mean CWSI values in the I70 (0.40) and I35 (0.56) treatments were 42% and 100% higher, respectively than those in the full irrigation (I100) treatment (0.28). While the I70 treatment showed manageable water stress with minimal impact, the I35 treatment experienced severe stress, significantly reducing crop growth and yield. The mean seed yield (SY) in the I70 treatment increased to 1245.2 kg ha(-1) compared to I35 (903.3 kg ha(-1)) but remained lower than I100 (1339.3 kg ha(-1)). The CWSI had negative correlations (p <= 0.01) with seed yield, chlorophyll content, and leaf area index, while it had positive correlations with water use efficiency and irrigation water use efficiency (p <= 0.01). This study showed that pumpkins could be grown successfully at 30% water deficit conditions, and a water deficit higher than 30% may cause a significant seed yield loss in semi -arid climate conditions. In addition, the results highlight the importance of optimal irrigation and CWSI monitoring for informed irrigation decisions and sustainable agricultural practices. Therefore, moderate water deficit (I70) can be adopted in pumpkin cultivation as an alternative to full irrigation.Öğe The Importance of Rainwater Harvesting and Its Usage Possibilities: Antalya Example (Turkey)(Mdpi, 2023) Ertop, Hasan; Kociecka, Joanna; Atilgan, Atilgan; Liberacki, Daniel; Niemiec, Marcin; Rolbiecki, RomanThe significance and effective use of water, one of the most basic requirements for sustaining vital activities, is gaining importance every day. Population growth and unprogrammed industrialization accelerate the consumption of available water resources. However, drought, as a result of climate change, poses a threat to water resources. Factors such as the exhaustibility of water resources, rapid population growth, unscheduled industrialization and drought increase the tendency towards alternative water resources. Rainwater harvesting is based on the principle of using the rainwater falling into the regions after it is stored. Water collected through rain harvesting can be utilized in many different areas, such as agricultural irrigation, landscape irrigation and domestic use. Among agricultural activities, the idea of water harvesting in greenhouse areas comes to the fore. Due to the gutters on the greenhouse roofs, water can be stored. In Antalya, which has about half of the greenhouses in Turkey, the amount of water in the rain harvest that can be obtained in greenhouses is 224,992,795.8 m(3) per year. Monthly calculations throughout the year showed that the minimum water can be harvested in August (938,447.53 m(3)) and the maximum (54,771,210 m(3)) in December. Therefore, it is thought that some plant water consumption can be met by building sufficient storage in areas close to the greenhouse.Öğe Use of Rainwater Harvesting from Roofs for Irrigation Purposes in Hydroponic Greenhouse Enterprises(Mdpi, 2024) Boyaci, Sedat; Atilgan, Atilgan; Kociecka, Joanna; Liberacki, Daniel; Rolbiecki, RomanThis study was conducted to determine the irrigation water demand due to solar radiation in high-tech greenhouses using hydroponic systems in Turkey's Mediterranean and continental climates, and to determine the annual water consumption and storage capacity with harvested rainwater. Intensive greenhouse cultivation and the recent increase in modern greenhouse cultivation were important factors in selecting the provinces for the study. The chosen provinces were Antalya and Adana, with a Mediterranean climate, and Afyonkarahisar and K & imath;r & scedil;ehir, with a continental climate. In this research, depending on the production period, the amount of water consumed per unit of area in greenhouses in Antalya, which has a Mediterranean climate, was determined to be 1173.52 L m-2 per yr-1, and in Adana, it was 1109.18 L m-2 per yr-1. In the provinces of Afyonkarahisar and K & imath;r & scedil;ehir, where a continental climate prevails, water consumption was calculated to be 1479.11 L m-2 per yr-1 and 1370.77 L m-2 per yr-1, respectively. Storage volumes for the provinces of Antalya, Adana, Afyonkarahisar and K & imath;r & scedil;ehir were found to be 438.39 L m-2, 122.71 L m-2, 42.12 L m-2 and 43.65 L m-2, respectively. For the provinces of Antalya, Adana, Afyonkarahisar and K & imath;r & scedil;ehir, the rates of rainwater harvesting and meeting plants' water consumption were calculated to be 80.79%, 54.27%, 27.47% and 25.16%, respectively. In addition, the amount of water fee savings that could be achieved by rainwater harvesting was calculated to be USD 901.3 per yr-1 for Antalya, USD 835.3 per yr-1 for Adana, USD 247.6 per yr-1 for Afyonkarahisar and USD 210.2 per yr-1 for K & imath;r & scedil;ehir. As a result, rainwater harvesting will not only provide economic gain to enterprises but will also be important in reducing the negative effects of irregular rainfall regimes caused by climate change on underground and surface water resources. It was also concluded that enterprises should focus on popularizing rainwater harvesting.
