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Öğe An Examination of the 2D:4D Ratio, Handedness and Footedness in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder(2023) Kocaman, Orhan; Kara, Tayfun; Avşar, Pınar Aydoğan; Kuru, TacettinAim: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition more common in boys than girls, although this gender variation has yet to be explained. The purpose of this study was to examine hand 2D:4D ratios and their association with ADHD. The study was also intended to compare hand 2D:4D ratios according to hand and foot dominance in individuals with ADHD. Methods: 168 children were included in the study, 91 diagnosed with ADHD and 77 healthy volunteers. All participants were evaluated via DSM-5 based psychiatric examinations, and their sociodemographic data were collected using forms prepared by the authors. The participants’ ADHD symptoms were assessed using the Conners’ Parent Rating Scale-Revised Short Form. 2D:4D ratios were determined by measuring the lengths of the bilateral second and fourth fingers using a digital compass. Hand and foot dominances were determined by evaluation in a clinical setting. The scores obtained were then compared. Results: Lower right and left hand 2D:4D ratios were determined in the individuals with ADHD than in the healthy controls (p=0.001 for both). No correlation was found between ADHD subscales and right or left hand 2D:4D ratios in the case group. No differences in 2D:4D ratios were also observed according to hand and foot dominances in the case group. Conclusion: This study produced important findings concerning whether hand 2D:4D ratios can be used as a marker of ADHD. We think that the data obtained may be of assistance to other studies assessing the phenotype characteristics of individuals with ADHD.Öğe Analysis of the Readability of Package Inserts for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Medications Used in Turkey(2024) Avşar, Pınar Aydoğan; Kocaman, OrhanAim: The readability level of a written text is directly related to how well the text is understood.There are precise formulas that may be used to test readability objectively. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the readability of the ADHD medication package inserts that are presently in use in Turkey. Methods: 23 medication package inserts for ADHD in total were categorized based on their types. The Turkish Medicines and Medical Devices Agency (https://www.titck.gov.tr/kubkt) provided the most updated package leaflets for the medications in these categories. The Ateşman and Bezirci-Yılmaz readability formulae, which are relevant to Turkish texts, were used to assess package inserts. Results: The Ateşman reading score was calculated to be 72.2 (7-8th grade) on average. The Bezirci-Yılmaz formula has a reading level equivalent to grades 7-8, which corresponds to the primary school level. Based on the 2022 TUIK data in Turkey, it was found that the reading level was suitable for the average education level, except for the SNRI group (high school level). Conclusion: Given the aforementioned information, we maintain the viewpoint that pharmaceutical package inserts for psychiatric medications ought to ideally contain content written at the level of a primary school (7-8th grade).Öğe Birth Order and Number of Siblings in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Case Control Study(2024) Kocaman, Orhan; Kara, Tayfun; Avşar, Pınar Aydoğan; Kuru, TacettinAim: Studies addressing the etiology of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in recent years have focused on family and birth-related factors.This study aimed to examine the relationship between Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and birth order and number of siblings. Method: A total of 239 participants, 135 children diagnosed with ADHD and 104 healthy children, were included in the study. All participants were evaluated through DSM-5-based psychiatric examinations, and their sociodemographic data forms were obtained. Conners’ Parent Rating Scale-Revised Short form (CPRS-RS) was also applied to the case group in order to determine the severity of ADHD symptoms. The findings were then compared using statistical methods. Results: No significant difference was observed between the individuals with ADHD and the healthy controls in terms of birth order or number of siblings (p= 0.252 and p= 0.222, respectively). A significant positive correlation was determined in the ADHD group between birth order and hyperactivity and oppositional subscales (r= 0.212, p= 0.022 and r= 0.231, p= 0.012, respectively). A significant positive correlation was also determined in the ADHD group between number of siblings and the oppositional subscale (r= 0.237, p= 0.009). Conclusions:In our study, no significant difference was observed between the ADHD and control groups in terms of birth order or number of siblings.It was observed that hyperactivity and defiance symptoms increased as birth order increased in children diagnosed with ADHD. Oppositional findings also increased in line with the number of siblings.We think that these findings should be taken into consideration in future research on ADHD.Öğe Coping skills and smartphone addiction in adolescents with ADHD: A predictive model and relationship(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2025) Kara, Tayfun; Kocaman, Orhan; Avsar, Pinar Aydogan; Kuru, TacettinBackground: We sought to examine the relationship between smartphone addiction and coping skills in adolescents diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), together with potential predictive factors. Method: Two hundred seventy-five participants (144 diagnosed with ADHD and 131 healthy controls) were included in the study. All participants were evaluated via DSM-5-based psychiatric examinations. Smartphone addiction levels were assessed using the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV), and coping skills were evaluated using the Coping Scale for Children and Youth (CSCY). The scores were then subjected to statistical comparisons. Results: Higher SAS-SV scores were observed in the adolescents with ADHD compared to the control group (p = 0.047). Significant positive correlations were found between cognitive avoidance (CAV) (p < 0.001, r = 0.377) and behavioural avoidance (BAV) (p < 0.001, r = 0.297) in the ADHD group. In contrast, significant negative correlations were found with Problem-solving (PROB) (p = 0.001, r =-0.281) and assistance-seeking (ASK) (p = 0.013, r = -0.206). Following model analysis, CAV emerged as a significant positive predictor of SAS-SV scores, and PROB as a significant negative predictor (p =0.005 and p = 0.016, respectively). Conclusions: The decrease in coping skills in adolescents diagnosed with ADHD was associated with an increase in smartphone addiction. Additionally, increased cognitive avoidance and low problem-solving skills also predicted addiction.Öğe Evaluation of primary markers of inflammation and the systemic inflammation index in specific learning disabilities(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2024) Avsar, Pinar Aydogan; Kara, Tayfun; Kocaman, Orhan; Akkus, MerveAim: Specific learning disorder (SLD) is a term that refers to reading, writing and arithmetic difficulties. The neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and systemic inflammation index (SII) are affordable and accessible inflammatory biomarkers. This research aims to evaluate the relationship between NLR, PLR, SII and SLD to determine whether inflammation contributes to pathogenesis. Methods: This study included 90 SLD-diagnosed patients and 90 age-, sex- and ethnicity-matched healthy controls. Blood cell counts and NLR, PLR and SII values were obtained from medical records and compared between the two groups. Results: The NLR, PLR and SII were significantly higher (p = 0.029, p = 0.033 and p = 0.018 respectively) and lymphocyte counts were significantly lower (p = 0.041) in the SLD group. WISC-R total scores decreased with age in the SLD group (-1.988 coefficient, Beta = -0.247 beta, p = 0.041). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the SII was the only parameter independently associated with the diagnosis of SLD (Beta = 0.003, p = 0.023). Conclusion: Inflammation might play a role in SLD etiopathogenesis. NLR, PLR and SII may be potential biomarkers for SLD in children. Further research may lead to early diagnosis and additional anti-inflammatory pharmacological therapies for SLDs.Öğe Is Problematic Media Use a Marker for Aggression in Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder?(Yerkure Tanitim & Yayincilik Hizmetleri A S, 2023) Kara, Tayfun; Kocaman, Orhan; Avsar, Pinar Aydogan; Kuru, TacettinObjective: Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is associated with a series of problems, including aggressive behavior and problematic media use (PMU). However, the literature concerning the relationship between PMU and aggressive behavior patterns in children diagnosed with ADHD is limited. This study examines the relationships between PMU and aggression in children with ADHD.Methods: One hundred sixty-two children aged 6-12 years diagnosed with ADHD were included in the study. All participants were assessed with DSM-5-based psychiatric evaluations. Aggressive behaviors in children were evaluated using the Children's Aggression Scale Parent Version (CAS-P). The children's screen use was scored using the Problematic Media Use Measure Short Form (PMUM-SF). The data obtained were compared using statistical methods.Results: A significant correlation at the p<.05 level was determined between PMU and the severity of ADHD (mild-moderate and severe). PMU was positively and statistically significantly correlated with verbal aggression (r = 0.422, p < 0.001), aggression against objects and animals (r = 0.367, p < 0.001), provoked physical aggression (r = 0.365, p < 0.001) and unprovoked physical aggression (r = 0.283, p < 0.001). In addition, PMU significantly (p <0.001) predicted verbal aggression, aggression against objects and animals, and provoked and unprovoked physical aggression.Conclusion: A positive correlation was observed between PMU in children and the risk of aggression in this group, and PMU predicted aggression. These findings may contribute to the formation of guidelines for intervention when problematic behaviors emerge in children diagnosed with ADHD.Öğe Otizm araştırmalarının evrimi (1980–2024): yayın eğilimleri ve bilimsel etki üzerine bibliyometrik bir değerlendirme(MediHealth Academy Yayıncılık, 2026) Algedik, Pınar; Kocaman, OrhanAmaç: Otizm spektrum bozukluğu (OSB), son kırk yılda hızla gelişen ve multidisipliner nitelik kazanan bir araştırma alanı haline gelmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, bilimsel yayın hacmini, atıf etkisini, önde gelen yazarları, kurumları ve ülkeleri belirleyerek 1980–2024 yılları arasında OSB üzerine yapılan yayınların bibliyometrik analizini sunmaktır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-E) veri tabanında 1980–2024 yılları arasında yayımlanan OSB ile ilgili makaleler, Web of Science Core Collection kullanılarak 6 Ocak 2025 tarihinde taranmıştır. Sadece "makale" ve "derleme" türündeki İngilizce yayınlar dahil edilmiştir. Veriler Tab Delimited File formatında dışa aktarılmış ve VOSviewer 1.6.18 yazılımı ile analiz edilmiştir. Yayın sayısı, atıf sayısı, yazar ve kurum üretkenliği, ülke katkısı ve anahtar kelime eşleşmeleri temel göstergeler olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular: Toplam 23.198 yayın analiz edilmiştir. En çok atıf alan dergi Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders olurken, King’s College London ve Toronto Üniversitesi en üretken kurumlar olarak öne çıkmıştır. ABD, Birleşik Krallık ve Kanada hem yayın hem de atıf sayısında başı çekmiştir. En etkili yazarlar arasında Simon Baron-Cohen, Christopher Gillberg ve Tony Charman yer almıştır. “Nörogelişimsel bozukluklar”, “şizofreni” ve “Rett sendromu” gibi anahtar kelimeler, alandaki disiplinlerarası yaklaşımı vurgulamaktadır. Buna karşılık, eğitim, yaşam kalitesi gibi sosyokültürel konular literatürde sınırlı yer bulmuştur. Sonuç: OSB araştırmaları, yüksek gelirli ve İngilizce konuşan ülkelerde yoğunlaşmakla birlikte küresel olarak artan üretkenlik ve disiplinler arası iş birlikleri ile karakterize edilmektedir. Gelecekte yapılacak bibliyometrik çalışmaların, çoklu veri tabanları, çok dilli kaynaklar ve niteliksel analizleri de kapsaması; otizm araştırmalarına daha kapsayıcı ve bütüncül bir bakış açısı kazandıracaktır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Otizm spektrum bozukluğu, bibliyometrik analiz, atıf etkisi, araştırma eğilimleri, nörogelişimsel bozukluklarÖğe OTİZM SPEKTRUM BOZUKLUĞU TANILI ÇOCUKLARDA DOĞUM SIRASI VE HASTALIĞIN ŞİDDETİ ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİ: VAKA KONTROL ÇALIŞMASI(2024) Kara, Tayfun; Kocaman, Orhan; Avşar, Pınar Aydoğan; Kuru, TacettinAmaç: Son yıllarda otizm spektrum bozukluğu (OSB) olgularının artan prevalansı araştırmacıların OSB ile ilişkili faktörlere odaklanmasına yol açmıştır. Çalışmamızda OSB'li çocuklarda doğuma dair parametreler ve hastalığın belirti şiddeti arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemeyi amaçladık. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Çalışmaya 213’ü OSB tanılı ve 152’si sağlıklı kontrol olmak üzere toplam 365 katılımcı çocuk alındı. Tüm katılımcılar DSM-5 temelli psikiyatrik muayene ile değerlendirildi. Katılımcıların sosyodemografik verileri araştırmacılar tarafından hazırlanan formlar ile elde edildi. Vaka grubuna ilave olarak OSB belirti şiddetini değerlendirmek için Çocukluk Çağı Otizm Değerlendirme Ölçeği (ÇODÖ) uygulandı. Elde edilen bulgular istatistiksel yöntemler ile karşılaştırıldı. Bulgular: Çalışmamızda OSB tanılı çocuklarda kontrol gurubuna kıyasla daha yüksek baba yaşı (p=0,047), 3,74 kat yüksek erkek cinsiyet oranı (p<0,001), daha düşük gelir düzeyi (p=0,054), daha düşük anne ve baba eğitim düzeyleri (sırasıyla, p=0,004 / p=0,009) olduğu görülmüştür. Etkilenen çocuğun doğum sırası ve sağlıklı çocukların doğum sıraları arasında anlamlı farklılık saptanmamıştır (p=0,363). Etkilenen çocuğun doğum sırası ve toplam çocuk sayısı ile ÇODÖ skorları arasında anlamlı ilişki görülmemiştir (sırasıyla, r=0,085 p: 0,279 / r=0,101 p=0,203). Sonuç: Çalışmamızda doğum sırası ile OSB varlığı ve şiddeti arasında ilişki saptanmamıştır. Ancak OSB’li ailelerde ileri baba yaşı, düşük sosyoekonomik düzey ve eğitim düzeyi olduğu görülmüştür. Bu bulguların OSB'nin nedenlerine ilişkin gelecekteki araştırmalarda dikkate alınması gerektiğini düşünmekteyiz. Çalışmamızın, OSB'deki klinik heterojenliğe katkıda bulunan bu mekanizmanın anlaşılmasını ilerletmek için önemli etkileri vardır.Öğe Regressive autism with autoimmune encephalitis: case report and literature review of subtype of autism spectrum disorder(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2024) Avsar, Pinar Aydogan; Kara, Tayfun; Kocaman, OrhanAbout one-third of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) show a sudden loss of acquired skills between the 2nd or 3rd years of life. The primary areas of loss were grouped into language skills, social interest, adaptive functioning, and motor skills. A 4-year and 2-month-old boy presented to the child and adolescent mental health and disease outpatient clinic with his parents with complaints of decreased eye contact, and regression in speech. His developmental milestones were within the typical range of three years and two months. During the investigation into the organic etiology of regression, serum anti-CASPR2 positivity was detected, and intravenous immunoglobulin administration was initiated. After 6 months of treatment and special education, there was a slight decrease in the CARS score along with improvements in adaptation to change, visual response, and non-verbal communication. This rare case of regressive autism accompanied by autoimmune encephalitis provides further evidence in the field that autoimmune encephalitis may influence the development of the regressive subtype of ASD. Differential diagnosis is crucial because additional immunotherapy may be beneficial in these cases. Further investigation is needed to identify the relationship.Öğe Sleep Quality and Its Associations with ADHD Symptoms, Smartphone Use, and Social Support in University Students(Pera Yayincilik Hizmetleri, 2025) Algedik, Pinar; Kocaman, OrhanObjectives: This study aimed to investigate whether university students differ in terms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, smartphone overuse levels, and perceived social support based on their sleep quality. The goal was to examine how common sleep problems in young adulthood may influence behavioral and social functioning by analyzing these three critical variables. Methods: A cross-sectional design was used, involving 311 university students aged 18-35 from a public university. Participants were grouped based on their self-reported sleep quality into good and poor sleep quality categories. Data were collected through an online survey including sociodemographic questions and three psychometric scales: the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV), the Adult Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder Scale (AADHDS), and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS 27.0. Results: Students with poor sleep quality scored significantly higher in ADHD symptoms and smartphone overuse while reporting lower levels of perceived social support. Significant differences were observed in the SAS-SV subscales of preoccupation, loss of control, and neglect of other areas, as well as in the AADHDS subscales of attention deficit and hyperactivity/impulsivity. All MSPSS subscales (family, friend, and significant other support) showed significantly lower scores among students with poor sleep quality. Conclusion: The results indicate that university students experiencing poor sleep quality tend to report more pronounced symptoms of ADHD, engage in more problematic patterns of smartphone use, and perceive lower levels of social support. These outcomes underscore the importance of implementing comprehensive intervention strategies aimed at improving sleep quality by targeting key areas such as attentional control, responsible use of digital media, and the reinforcement of interpersonal support systems.Öğe Sleep Quality and Its Associations with ADHD Symptoms, Smartphone Use, and Social Support in University Students Pınar Algedik, Orhan Kocaman(2025) Algedik, Pınar; Kocaman, OrhanObjectives: This study aimed to investigate whether university students differ in terms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, smartphone overuse levels, and perceived social support based on their sleep quality. The goal was to examine how common sleep problems in young adulthood may influence behavioral and social functioning by analyzing these three critical variables. Methods: A cross-sectional design was used, involving 311 university students aged 18– 35 from a public university. Participants were grouped based on their self-reported sleep quality into “good” and “poor” sleep quality categories. Data were collected through an online survey including sociodemographic questions and three psychometric scales: the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV), the Adult Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder Scale (AADHDS), and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS 27.0. Results: Students with poor sleep quality scored significantly higher in ADHD symptoms and smartphone overuse while reporting lower levels of perceived social support. Significant differences were observed in the SAS-SV subscales of preoccupation, loss of control, and neglect of other areas, as well as in the AADHDS subscales of attention deficit and hyperactivity/impulsivity. All MSPSS subscales (family, friend, and significant other support) showed significantly lower scores among students with poor sleep quality. Conclusion: The results indicate that university students experiencing poor sleep quality tend to report more pronounced symptoms of ADHD, engage in more problematic patterns of smartphone use, and perceive lower levels of social support. These outcomes underscore the importance of implementing comprehensive intervention strategies aimed at improving sleep quality by targeting key areas such as attentional control, responsible use of digital media, and the reinforcement of interpersonal support systems.Öğe Strengths and Difficulties Regarding Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Correlation with Social Responsiveness and Disorder Severity(2024) Avşar, Pınar Aydoğan; Kara, Tayfun; Kocaman, Orhan; Kuru, TacettinObjective: Children with neurodevelopmental disabilities often experience social difficulties. Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are more likely to experience peer rejection and cognitive, academic, family, and professional difficulties. This investigation aimed to identify the predictors of difficulties faced by children and adolescents with ADHD. Material and Methods: We established ADHD diagnoses based on DSM-5 criteria. Moreover, every participant had a diagnostic evaluation by a child and adolescent psychiatrist using the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (K-SADS-PL) and a detailed sociodemographic form documented. Parents completed the Turgay DSM IV-Based Child and Adolescent Behavioural Disorders Screening and Rating Scale (T-DSM-IV-S), the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), and the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) for their children. Results: The study included 99 children, 59 in the ADHD group and 40 in the control group. There was no significant difference between the groups regarding gender and age. The mean scores of T-DSM-IV-S [Attention deficit (AD), Hyperactivity/impulsivity (H/I), Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), Conduct disorder (CD)], SDQ, and SRS were significantly higher in the ADHD group than in the control group. Among the independent variables in the regression model, SRS total scores significantly predicted SDQ-total (? = 0.238, p = 0.033) and SDQ-emotion (? =0.439, p = 0.001) scores in the ADHD group. Conclusion: Children diagnosed with ADHD may have more receptive deficits in mutual interactions than their peers, which greatly impacts their social behaviors. Early social skills training for social functioning impairments may reduce the condition’s social impactÖğe The 2D:4D ratios in the mothers of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(Elsevier Ireland Ltd, 2025) Kocaman, Orhan; Avsar, Pinar A. Y. D. O. G. A. N.; Kara, Tayfun; Kuru, TacettinBackground: Prenatal exposure to high levels of testosterone affects the development of the brain. The purpose of this study was to compare the mothers of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and those of healthy children in terms of the digit ratio (2D:4D). It also examines the relationship between ADHD symptoms and the 2D:4D in mothers. Method: The mothers of 120 children with ADHD and of 61 healthy children were included in the study. 2D:4D were measured for both the patients and the healthy individuals, and sociodemographic data were examined. The mothers' ADHD symptoms were measured using the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS). The patient and control groups were compared in terms of 2D:4D values and ADHD symptoms. The relationship between 2D:4D and ADHD was also examined in the patient group. Results: Maternal right 2D:4D (p < 0.001) and left 2D:4D (p = 0.003) values in the ADHD group were significantly lower than in the control group mothers. No association was also observed between the left hand and right 2D:4D ratios of the mothers in the case group and the ASRS- Hyperactivity or Attention Deficit subscales. Conclusion: Our findings add to the literature examining the relationship between prenatal exposure to testosterone and ADHD. This study shows that the mothers of children with ADHD are exposed to greater prenatal testosterone. In addition, it does not support the hypothesis that prenatal exposure to testosterone in the mothers of children with ADHD plays a role in the development of ADHD symptoms. Further studies examining this relationship in mothers are now needed.Öğe The Effect of Psychological Distress and Intimate Partner Violence on Treatment Adherence in the Mothers of Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2025) Kocaman, Orhan; Tekin, Ugur; Yilmaz, Semra; Ok, Sena SaygiliThis study examines the effects of maternal psychological distress and the Intimate partner violence (IPV) to which mothers are exposed on treatment adherence. 55 mothers of children diagnosed with ADHD and 51 mothers of healthy children were included in the study. Psychological distress and IPV were greater in the mothers of children with ADHD than in those of healthy children. Greater IPV was determined in the low treatment adherence group among the mothers of children with ADHD than in the moderate-high adherence. Holistic approaches in ADHD in which the mother's mental health is included can increase adherence to treatment.Öğe The Effects of Anxiety on Social Competence and Behavioural Adjustment in Preschoolers With Developmental Language Disorder(Wiley, 2025) Kocaman, Orhan; Kuru, Tacettin; ozsan, Orgul Yildiz; Kara, Tayfun; Kilic, Umut mert; Avsar, Pinar AydoganThis study compared the social competence and emotional-behavioural adjustment of children aged 36-72 months with developmental language disorder (DLD) with those of typically developing peers (TD) and examined the relationship between anxiety disorders and these domains in the DLD group. The sample consisted of 229 children (92 DLD, 137 TD). Data were collected using the Social Competence and Behaviour Evaluation Scale-30 and the Preschool Anxiety Scale. Children with DLD exhibited lower social competence and higher anxiety-withdrawal and anger-aggression scores than their TD peers. In the DLD group, generalized anxiety and specific fears were negatively associated with social competence and positively associated with anxiety-withdrawal and anger-aggression. Social anxiety was negatively associated with social competence and positively associated with anxiety-withdrawal. Separation anxiety was positively associated with anxiety-withdrawal and anger-aggression. Regression analyses showed that social anxiety predicted anxiety-withdrawal, and generalized anxiety predicted anger-aggression. Moderation analysis determined that language development levels moderated the relationship between generalized anxiety and anger-aggression in children with DLD, such that generalized anxiety positively predicted anger-aggression, but this effect became weaker as language development levels increased. Children with DLD exhibit social-emotional and behavioural adjustment difficulties, with which anxiety symptoms are significantly associated. Intervention programs should consider anxiety symptoms when supporting the development of social and behavioural skills in children with DLD.Öğe The relationship between digit ratio (2D:4D) and intelligence levels in specific learning disorders(Elsevier Ireland Ltd, 2024) Avsar, Pinar Aydogan; Kara, Tayfun; Kocaman, Orhan; Akkus, MerveBackground: Higher prenatal testosterone exposure regulates brain development and affects learning and intelligence directly. The digit ratio (2D:4D) is regarded as an indicator of prenatal testosterone exposure. This study aims to investigate the 2D:4D ratios and intelligence levels in individuals with specific learning disorders (SLD) and compare the ratios with healthy subjects. Methods: The study included a total of 117 patients diagnosed with SLD and 67 healthy controls. We measured the 2D:4D ratios and administered the Wechsler-Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised to assess intelligence quotient (IQ) scores in the SLD group. Sociodemographic data was obtained for both patients and healthy subjects and compared in both groups, as well as 2D:4D ratios. Results: Compared to healthy controls, both-hand 2D:4D ratios were found to be lower in the SLD group. In addition, male and female participants with SLD showed lower 2D:4D ratios in both hands than controls. The total scores on the WISC-R were found to decrease as the right-hand 2D:4D ratios and the age increased in the SLD group. Conclusion: Our findings add to the literature examining the influence of prenatal testosterone exposure on learning and intelligence in the SLD sample. Further research in this domain may yield valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms and potential clinical implications for the management of SLDs examining additional variables that could potentially impact alongside the impact of sex hormones on brain development.Öğe Theory of Mind Abilities May Predict Treatment Outcomes in Adolescents With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Follow-Up Study(Wiley, 2025) Kara, Tayfun; Avsar, Pinar Aydogan; Kuru, Tacettin; Kocaman, OrhanAims: Researchers report varying levels of cognitive flexibility and theory of mind (ToM) deficiencies in adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). This research set out to investigate the impact of these variables on the disorder's outcomes. Method: The study involved 39 adolescents with OCD and 40 healthy controls. We assessed the case group at the initial visit to the outpatient clinic and again at the end of the first year of treatment. The Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS) was applied to assess OCD symptom distribution and severity. The Reading the Mind in the Eyes of Children Test (RME-CT) was applied to evaluate ToM skills, and the Cognitive Flexibility Scale (CFS) was employed to evaluate cognitive flexibility levels. Results: Baseline RME-CT and CFS scores were significantly lower in adolescents with OCD compared to the control group (p = 0.002 p = 0.001, respectively). At the end of the 1-year follow-up, RME-CT and CFS scores increased significantly in the adolescents with OCD (p < 0.001, p = 0.003, respectively). A significant negative correlation was observed between the initial RME-CT scores and the Y-BOCS scores at the end of the 1-year follow-up (p < 0.001). The initial RME-CT score had a significant negative predictive effect on the subsequent severity of OCD (beta = -0.711, p < 0.001). Conclusions: The research revealed poorer long-term prognoses for OCD in adolescents who exhibit low ToM skills. In conclusion, the results indicate that ToM skills may serve as a predictive factor for long-term treatment outcomes among adolescents diagnosed with OCD.
