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    Renewable Energy Integration in Sustainable Transport: A Review of Emerging Propulsion Technologies and Energy Transition Mechanisms
    (Mdpi, 2025) Kochanek, Anna; Zaclona, Tomasz; Pietrucha, Iga; Petryk, Agnieszka; Ziemianczyk, Urszula; Basak, Zuzanna; Guzdek, Pawel
    Decarbonization of transport is a key element of the energy transition and of achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. Integration of renewable energy into transport systems is assessed together with the potential of electric, hybrid, hydrogen, and biofuel-based propulsion to enable low emission mobility. Literature published from 2019 to 2025 is synthesized using structured searches in Scopus, Web of Science, and Elsevier and evidence is integrated through a thematic comparative approach focused on energy efficiency, life cycle greenhouse gas emissions, and technology readiness. Quantitative findings indicate that battery electric vehicles typically require about 18 to 20 kWh per 100 km, compared with about 60 to 70 kWh per 100 km in energy equivalent terms for internal combustion cars. With higher renewable shares in electricity generation, life cycle CO2 equivalent emissions are reduced by about 60 to 70 percent under average European grid conditions and up to about 80 percent when renewables exceed 50 percent. Energy storage and smart grid management, including vehicle to grid operation, are identified as enabling measures and are associated with peak demand reductions of about 5 to 10 percent. Hydrogen and advanced biofuels remain important for heavy duty, maritime, and aviation segments where full electrification is constrained.