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    A potential threat to black figs intended for export from Turkey: Ethephon
    (Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science, 2021) Gormez, Emrah; Golge, Ozgur; Dincay, Orhan; Kabak, Bulent
    The analysis of highly polar pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables has become a controversial issue in the last decade. This report shows the results of highly polar pesticide residues (ethephon, fosetyl aluminium (fosetyl-Al) and phosphonic acid) monitoring on black figs intended for export from Turkey. From 2017-2020, a total of 9237 black fig samples were analysed for ethephon, fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid residues using the Quick Polar Pesticides (QuPPe) method. The method has shown to have sufficiently low limits of quantification with respect to EU Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs). The obtained recovery and precision parameters fulfil the requirements in SANTE/11813/2017 Guideline. The 16.8 % of black fig samples were detected with ethephon at quantifiable concentrations but below the EU MRL of 3 mg kg- 1. The concentration of ethephon ranged between 0.005 and 2.47 mg kg- 1. However, no quantifiable residues of fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid were detected in any black fig samples.
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    Assessment of pesticide contamination in pomegranates: A multivariate approach and health risk evaluation
    (Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2025) Gormez, Emrah; Odabas, Eylem; Golge, Ozgur; Gonzalez-Curbelo, Miguel Angel; Kabak, Bulent
    Pesticide residues in pomegranates pose a significant food safety concern, particularly given the rising global consumption of this fruit. This study monitored 316 pesticide residues in 342 pomegranate samples from Turkey's three primary pomegranate production regions using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Pesticide residues were detected in 72.8% of the samples, with 40 different pesticides identified, 15 of which were unauthorized. Spirotetramat, acetamiprid, and fludioxonil were among the most frequently detected, with concentrations exceeding the maximum residue levels set by the European Union in 40.6% of the contaminated samples. Multivariate analysis revealed strong correlations between specific pesticide pairs, suggesting common usage patterns. The chronic hazard index was 0.0132 for adults and 0.0403 for children, indicating no significant chronic health risks. The acute health risks for all pesticides remained below acceptable limits, except for acetamiprid, which exceeded the threshold (1.186) for children. However, the presence of non-approved pesticides, such as omethoate, raises concerns about regulatory compliance. Continued surveillance and risk assessment are essential to minimize potential health risks, particularly for vulnerable populations consuming pomegranates.
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    Monitoring and Exposure Assessment of Fosetyl Aluminium and Other Highly Polar Pesticide Residues in Sweet Cherry
    (Mdpi, 2023) Gormez, Emrah; Golge, Ozgur; Angel Gonzalez-Curbelo, Miguel; Kabak, Bulent
    Cherries are popular fruits due to their health benefits, organoleptic quality, and attractive appearance. Since highly polar pesticides are of low mass and amphoteric character, and are not amenable to traditional multi-residue extraction methods, they are more commonly not included in the pesticide monitoring program. This study aims to determine twelve highly polar pesticide residues in cherry samples intended for export from Turkey. A total of 16,022 cherry samples from 2018-2020 harvests in four production areas of Turkey were analyzed using a modification of the Quick Polar Pesticides method and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The method was validated at two fortification levels (0.01 and 0.05 mg kg(-1)), and good recoveries (87.4-111.4%) and relative standard deviations (<6%) were achieved for all analytes. The limits of quantification were in the range of 1.08-2.55 mu g kg(-1). Overall, 28.4% of the analyzed cherry samples were detected with phosphonic acid, calculated as fosetyl aluminium (fosetyl-Al) in amounts up to 77.7 mg kg(-1). For 2304 samples (14.4%), the residues exceeded the European Union maximum residue level of 2 mg kg(-1). There is no reason to be concerned about long-term exposure to phosphonic acid/fosetyl-Al, and the other highly polar pesticides through the consumption of sweet cherry.
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    Pesticide Residues in Mandarins: Three-Year Monitoring Results
    (Mdpi, 2023) Gormez, Emrah; Golge, Ozgur; Gonzalez-Curbelo, Miguel Angel; Kabak, Bulent
    The demand of plant production product use has increased because of the current system of citrus production, which prioritizes high agricultural yields. Therefore, the monitoring of pesticide residues in citrus fruits and other agricultural products and their impacts on human health and food security are of great concern. This study aims to determine multi-class pesticides including highly polar residues in satsuma mandarins. A total of 226 mandarin samples were collected over three consecutive harvesting years from 2019 to 2021 in the Izmir region of Turkey. Targeted compounds included pesticides and metabolites with European Union (EU) regulatory levels, plus other non-approved residues and highly polar compounds. The residues excluding highly polar substances were analyzed by applying the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) extraction and liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) determination for 434 analytes and gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) determination for 71 analytes. For six highly polar pesticides, sample preparation was based on Quick Polar Pesticides (QuPPe) extraction. The polar residues were determined by LC-MS/MS using internal standards. Forty different residues, including two highly polar substances, were recorded in mandarin samples through three harvesting years. In 8.4% of the samples, no quantifiable residues were detected, whereas 207 samples contained at least one residue. The maximum residue level (MRL) exceedances were recorded for 22.1% of the samples. The two most frequently found pesticides were phosphonic acid and spirotetramat, with an incidence rate of 48.7% and 46.5%, respectively. The concentration of phosphonic acid and spirotetramat in mandarin samples varied from 0.026 to 39.386 mg kg(-1) and from 0.010 to 1.485 mg kg(-1), respectively. The results will enable researchers and regulatory authorities to assess the extent of pesticide presence, identify potential risks, and take necessary measures to ensure the safety of satsuma mandarins for consumers.
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    Quantification of fosetyl-aluminium/phosphonic acid and other highly polar residues in pomegranates using Quick Polar Pesticides method involving liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry measurement
    (Elsevier, 2021) Gormez, Emrah; Golge, Ozgur; Kabak, Bulent
    Interest in the quantification of highly polar substances in crops has noticeably increased in the last five years. This study was designed to assess quantification of six polar residues, chlorate, ethephon, fosetlyaluminium (fosetyl-Al), glyphosate, phosphonic acid and perchlorate. A total of 2513 pomegranate samples intended for export from Turkey were analysed using the Quick Polar Pesticides (QuPPe) method. The method was in-house validated with very good performance results. The limits of quantification (LOQs) for residues were much lower than the respective EU Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs). Phosphonic acid was detected in 38.5% of pomegranate samples at quantifiable concentrations, calculated as fosetyl-Al. The concentrations ranged between 0.005 and 12.9 mg kg(-1) . The 20% of pomegranate samples showed fosetyl-Al levels above the EU MRL of 2 mg kg(-1) . Other polar residues were not detected in any pomegranate samples. This is the first report about highly polar pesticides in pomegranates cultivated in Turkey. (C) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.