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    An Investigation on the Energy Balance and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Orange Production in Turkey
    (Mdpi, 2022) Saltuk, Burak; Jagosz, Barbara; Gokdogan, Osman; Rolbiecki, Roman; Atilgan, Atilgan; Rolbiecki, Stanislaw
    In agricultural production, it is important to determine where input usage saving can be implemented by taking energy use into consideration and to analyze the greenhouse gas emissions of agricultural activities. This study has been conducted to review orange (Citrus sinensis L.) production in terms of energy balance and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This study was carried out during the 2015/2016 production season in Adana, a province in Turkey. Energy balance and GHG emissions have been defined by calculating the inputs and outputs of agricultural nature used in orange production. The findings of the study indicate that the distribution of energy inputs in orange production are 11,880 MJ ha(-1) (34.10%) of electricity, 10,079.75 MJ ha(-1) (28.93%) of chemical fertilizer energy, 7630 MJ ha(-1) (21.90%) of chemical energy, 3052 MJ ha(-1) (8.76%) of diesel fuel energy, 1348.91 MJ ha(-1) (3.87%) of human labor energy, 378 MJ ha(-1) (1.09%) of irrigation water energy, 351.22 MJ ha(-1) (1.01%) of machinery energy and 118.80 MJ ha(-1) (0.34%) of lime energy. In total, input energy (IE) in orange production has been calculated as 34,838.68 MJ ha(-1) and the output energy (OE) has been calculated as 95,000 MJ ha(-1). Energy use efficiency (EUE), specific energy (SE), energy productivity (EP) and net energy (NE) have been calculated as 2.73, 0.70 MJ kg(-1), 1.44 kg MJ(-1) and 60,161.32 MJ ha(-1), respectively. The total energy input in the production of oranges was divided into: 47.82% direct, 52.18% indirect, 4.96% from renewable sources and 95.04% from non-renewable sources. The GHG emissions figure for orange production was 3794.26 kg CO2-eq ha(-1), with electricity having the greatest share, 1983.96 (52.29%); the GHG ratio was 0.08 kg CO2-eq kg(-1). According to the results, the production of orange was considered to be profitable in terms of EUE.
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    Öğe
    Possibilities of Using Whey Wastes in Agriculture: Case of Turkey
    (Mdpi, 2022) Sirmacekic, Esmanur; Atilgan, Atilgan; Rolbiecki, Roman; Jagosz, Barbara; Rolbiecki, Stanislaw; Gokdogan, Osman; Niemiec, Marcin
    Liquid wastes are generated during production in the milk and cheese industries. During cheese production, whey emerges as a liquid product. Researchers define waste as raw material instead of waste alone. Hence, there is no doubt that the use and management of waste will gain greater importance in the upcoming years. This study discusses the use of whey, which is food waste, in agriculture and the benefits derived from it in terms of energy value. Our research was based on the current literature and the amount of whey that emerged in the dairy industry. For this purpose, the existing literature was evaluated to determine how much waste was produced from whey. The total amount of whey waste in Turkey for 2021 was determined. Afterwards, the amount of potential energy was determined in evaluating these wastes. Turkey's total amount of potential energy obtained from whey waste was calculated as 570.11 x 10(6) MJ, with 158.36 x 10(6) kWh as potential electrical energy. Moreover, it was calculated that a total of 158.36 x 10(6) kWh of electrical energy would meet the electrical energy of 688,548 families of four people for a month. It is also stated that this potential energy will be used in the field of equivalent electrical energy content and agriculture. It is a fact that cheese wastewater, rich in nutrients and organic matter, can be used in agriculture. Whey is used as animal feed in agricultural fertilization activities and the livestock sector. It has also been understood from the literature that it can also be used in biogas production. However, it should not be forgotten that whey released into rivers, water sources, or sewers threatens the environment due to its high protein content. Therefore, by increasing the number of similar studies on the subject, a wide range of wastes, such as whey, can be utilized in the most accurate manner. As a result, environmental protection, conservation of water resources, and energy conservation can be ensured by properly benefiting from whey waste. Considering that the world population will increase in the future, it is a fact that we will need a cleaner environment and more energy. It was concluded that greater importance should be given to waste management practices for a cleaner environment and energy saving.