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Öğe Alanya ve Gazipaşa’da üretilen avokadolarda pestisit kalıntı varlığının araştırılması ve Quechers analiz metodunun verifikasyonu(2020) Gölge, ÖzgürÖzet. Bu araştırmada; 2018-2019 yıllarında Ülkemiz avokado yetiştiriciliğinin ve ihracatının yaklaşık %70 ‘nin gerçekleştirildiği Antalya’nın Gazipaşa ve Alanya ilçelerinde üreticilerden tedarik edilen 220 adet avokado örneğinde 490 etken maddenin varlığı/miktarı LC-MS/MS ve GC-MS/MS cihazlarıyla tespit edilmiştir. Araştırmada ayrıca metot verifikasyonu çalışmaları gerçekleştirilerek, her bir etken madde için ölçüm belirsizliği hesaplamaları yapılmıştır. Örneklerin hiçbirinde pestisit kalıntısı tespit edilemezken, verifikasyon ve ölçüm belirsizliği değerleri SANTE dokümanına uygun aralıklar içerisinde bulunmuştur. Sörvey analiz sonuçları ne kadar olumlu olsa da, avokado bahçelerinde kök çürüklüğü hastalığına neden olan Phytophthora cinnamoni Rands küfü, Akdeniz meyve sineği, thrips, kabuklu bitler, unlu bitler ve limon sıçanı gibi yaygın olarak görülen zararlılarla mücadelenin bitki koruma uzmanı ziraat mühendisleri rehberliğinde düzenli olarak sürdürülmesi önerilmektedir.Öğe Determination of more than 500 Pesticide Residues in Hen Eggs by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS/MS)(2021) Gölge, Özgür; Liman, Turan; Kabak, BülentThis study aims to validate a fast method of simultaneous analysis of 365 LC-amenable and 142 GC-amenable pesticides in hen eggs by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS), respectively, operating in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) acquisition modes. The sample preparation was based on quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) extraction. Key method performance parameters investigated were specificity, linearity, limit of quantification (LOQ), accuracy, precision and measurement uncertainty. The method was validated at two spiking levels (10 and 50 mu g/kg), and good recoveries (70%-120%) and relative standard deviations (RSDs) (<= 20) were achieved for 92.9% of LC-amenable and 86.6% of GC-amenable pesticide residues. The LOQs were <= 10 mu g/kg for 94.2% of LC-amenable and 92.3% of GC-amenable pesticides. The validated method was further applied to 100 egg samples from caged hens, and none of the pesticides was quantified.Öğe Determination of Naphthalene Levels of Honey in Eastern Mediterranean Region(Adıyaman Üniversitesi, 2017) Gölge, Özgür; Hepsağ, Fatma; Kılıççeker, OsmanHoney is a sweet nutrient made by honey bees Apismellifera L. using nectar from flowers. In recent years; the presences of residues threatening human health in honey come into question in Turkey. Naphthalene is a chemical used against moth and can be used to protect honeycomb. If naphthalene is respired; fatigue, headache, anemia and pallor may occur. According to Turkish Food Codex Honey Communique; the maximum level of naphthalene must be 10 ppb in honey. In this research; Naphthalene analyzes were carried out with GC-MS in a sum of 90 honey supplied from market and honey producers in Adana, Osmaniye and Mersin provinces at 2015 and 2016 and validation studies were performed on the analysis method used. Naphthalene was determined just in one of samples at 115.234 ppb. Although the results show that producers and consumers are being more conscious about using chemical in honey production as compared to previous years, official inspections should continueÖğe Effects of different fibers on the quality of chicken meatballs(M H Schaper Gmbh Co Kg, 2018) Gölge, Özgür; Kılınççeker, Osman; Koluman, AhmetThe objective of this study was to determine the effects of pea fiber, orange fiber and inulin fiber on some quality properties of chicken meatballs. Samples were prepared with different formulations (3, 6 and 9 %) for each fiber. Analyzes of pH determination, thiobarbituric acid and color values of raw meatballs were evaluated during cold storage whereas color, yield, diameter reduction, moisture retention, fat absorption and sensory properties of fried meatballs were determined. As a results, it was observed that fibers had significant effect on quality of meatballs. Pea fiber increased pH, yield and moisture retention whereas decreased diameter reduction and fat absorption. Inulin fiber increased pH, diameter reduction and fat absorption. Additionally, orange fiber improved TBA, a and b values of samples, positively. In particular, it was found that 3, 6 and 9 % of pea fiber and 9 % of inulin fiber are more successful for chicken poultry production.Öğe Farklı gamların tavuk köftelerdeki bazı özellikler üzerine etkileri(2018) Kılınççeker, Osman; Gölge, ÖzgürBu çalışmada; karboksimetil selüloz, agar agar, tara ve keçiboynuzu gamlarının % 1 oranında tavuk köftelere ilavesinin ürünün bazı nitelikleri üzerine etkileri araştırılmıştır. Hazırlanan pişmemiş köftelerde renk nitelikleri belirlenirken, 175 oC’de 5 dk kızartılan örneklerde; kızartma sonrası pişme verimi, çap azalması, renk değerleri, nem tutma oranı, yağ emme oranı ve duyusal nitelikler saptanmıştır. Gam ilavesi ile pişmemiş örneklerde L (parlaklık) değeri değişim göstermezken, a (kırmızılık) ve b (sarılık) değerlerinin düştüğü anlaşılmıştır. Kızarmış köftelerde; en yüksek pişme verimi değerleri agar agar ve keçiboynuzu gamı ile hazırlanan örneklerde bulunmuş, çap azalma değerleri ise farklılık göstermemiştir. Kızarmış örneklerin renk değerlerinde; L ve b değeri keçiboynuzu gamı ile hazırlanan örneklerde en yüksek bulunmuş, a değerinin ise gam ilavesinden etkilenmediği anlaşılmıştır. Kızartılan ürünlerde agar agar gamı ve keçiboynuzu gamı ilavesi tutulan nem oranını artırırken, özellikle keçiboynuzu gamı emilen yağ oranını azaltmıştır. Benzer şekilde, köftelerin duyusal analizlerinde; agar agar gamı ve keçi boynuzu gamı ilavesi görünüş, renk, koku ve tat puanlarını yükseltmiştir. Bütün sonuçlara bağlı olarak gam ilavesinin tavuk etinden hazırlanan pişmemiş köfte renginde etkili olmayacağı, ancak kızarmış köftelerde kaliteyi artırabileceği belirlenmiş olup, en iyi uygulama olarak agar agar gamı veya keçiboynuzu gamının tavsiye edilebileceği anlaşılmıştır.Öğe Health risk assessment of selected pesticide residues in green pepper and cucumber(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2018) Gölge, Özgür; Hepsağ, Fatma; Kabak, BülentThis report describes levels of 170 pesticide residues in green pepper and cucumber marketed in Turkey. The report also comprises the outcome of the consumer risk assessment of selected pesticides. In total, 725 samples of vegetables were analysed for residues of 170 distinct pesticides by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The in-house validation data fulfilled the requirements of the European SANTE/11945/2015 Guideline. The limit of quantifications (LOQs) varied from 0.003 to 0.016 mg kg-1. Recoveries ranged between 80.5 and 118.2%, with inter-day precisions of 0.7-19% relative standard deviation (RSD). The expanded measurement uncertainty for individual pesticides ranged from 10.4 to 42.4%. Overall, 12.9% of green peppers and 13.5% of cucumbers contained at least one detectable residue, but the levels were below the EU legal limits. For adults, the Hazard Quotients (HQs) for identified pesticides in green peppers and cucumbers ranged from 0.0003 to 0.0143%, and from 0.0001 to 0.0103%, respectively. Propamocarb and chlorpyrifos were the major contributors to hazard index (HI) for green pepper and cucumber, respectively. The results showed that there is no reason to be concerned about cumulative exposure to residues from green pepper and cucumbers for Turkish population.Öğe Interaction and multi-objective effects of multiple non-thermal treatments of sour cherry juice: pesticide removal, microbial inactivation, and quality preservation(Wiley, 2020) Evrendilek, Gülsün Akdemir; Keskin, Eda; Gölge, ÖzgürBACKGROUND: The consumption of pesticide-contaminated sour cherries as fruit or juice has become a major health concern, and so the search for alternative processing technologies, such as pulsed electric fields (PEF), ozone (O), and ultrasonication (US) has intensified. The objectives of this experimental study of sour cherry juice were fourfold: (1) to quantify the removal efficiency of newprocessing technologies (PEF, O, US), and their combinations, for the pesticides chlorpyrifos ethyl,pi-fluvalinate, cyprodinil, pyraclostrobin, and malathion; (2) to detect their impact on physical, bioactive, and sensory properties; (3) to determine their microbial inactivation levels for Escherichia coli O157:H7, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas syringae subs. Syringae, and Penicillum expansum; and (4) to jointly optimize multiple responses of physical, quality, and sensory properties, pesticides, andmicrobial inactivation. RESULTS: Except for all the O treatments, the physical, bioactive and sensory properties of sour cherry juice were not adversely affected by the treatments. The joint optimization suggested PEF1 (24.7 kV cm(-1) for 327 mu s), PEF2 (24.7 kV cm(-1) for 655 mu s), PEF2+ O+ US, US, and PEF2+ O as the five best treatments. PEF2+ O+ US best achieved both pesticide removal andmicrobial inactivation. CONCLUSION: PEF2+ O+ US provided promising reductions in pesticide andmicrobial loads. (C) 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.Öğe Occurrence of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in cereals and cereal products from Turkey(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2020) Gölge, Özgür; Kabak, BülentThis report describes concentrations of deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA) in cereals and derived products collected in Turkey from 2015 to 2018. A total of 240 cereals and cereal products were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array (HPLC-PDA) and fluorescence (HPLC-FLD) detectors. The analytical method performance was satisfactory, with limit of quantification (LOQ) values of 46.90-72.30 mu g kg(-1), and 3.50-3.70 mu g kg(-1) for DON and ZEA, respectively. Thirteen wheat (58-1092 mu g kg(-1)), two maize (313-331 mu g kg(-1)), three barley (138-973 mu g kg(-1)), seven paddy rice (136-256 mu g kg(-1)), three wheat flour (92-151 mu g kg(-1)), two biscuits (31.2-71.3 mu g kg(-1)) and only one pasta (49.3 mu g kg(-1)) contained DON, but levels were below the EU maximum level (ML). DON was not detected in bulgur and wheat bread. ZEA was found in two wheat, three maize, eleven paddy rice and two wheat flour with a mean middle bound ZEA level of 1.34, 28.0, 42.9, and 2.66 mu g kg(-1), respectively. Amongst the samples contaminated with ZEA, only one paddy rice exceeded EU ML of 100 mu g kg(-1). However, barley, bulgur, wheat bread, pasta and biscuit products did not contain ZEA.Öğe Pesticide residues in table grapes and exposure assessment(Amer Chemical Soc, 2018) Gölge, Özgür; Kabak, BülentThis report describes levels of 172 pesticide residues in table grapes in Turkey. A total of 280 samples of table grapes were collected from supermarkets, bazaar, and greengrocer shops located in four provinces of Turkey from August to October 2016. The samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. The limit of quantification ranged from 0.002 to 0.010 mg kg(-1). The validation data revealed good recoveries and good repeatability and reproducibility and fulfilled the other requirements of the European SANTE/11945/2015 Guideline. One or more pesticide residues were detected in 59.6% of the table grapes. The residues above the EU maximum residue levels were 20.4% of the samples. The most prevalent pesticide residues were azoxystrobin, chlorpyrifos, boscalid, and cyprodinil. Left-censored results (40.4% of the results) were substituted by lower bound, middle bound, and upper bound values. In the worst-case scenario, the hazard index (HI) was 3.37% for adults and 9.42% for children. Chiorpyrifos was the major contributor (65%) to HI.Öğe Quantification of pesticide residues in gherkins by liquid and gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry(Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science, 2021) Gölge, Özgür; Cinpolat, Seren; Kabak, BülentThe monitoring of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables is a great concern in public health and international trade. This study aims to assess the incidence and quantification of pesticides in gherkins cultivated in Turkey. The sample preparation was based on QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) extraction. The residues were determined by in-house validated methods based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). This study included 109 pesticide residues, of which 85 were analysed by LC-MS/MS, and 24 were analysed by GC-MS/MS. Key method performance parameters investigated were linearity, limit of quantification (LOQ), accuracy, precision and measurement uncertainty. The LOQs ranged from 0.002 to 0.005 mg kg(-1). Of the 203 gherkin samples analysed, 57.6 % were free from the detectable level of residues. In 42.4 % of the samples, 15 different residues were found in measurable levels, of which 5 were non-approved in EU. Multiple pesticide residues were recorded in 17.2 % of the samples. In 7.9 % of the gherkin samples, the residue levels exceeded the maximum residue levels (MRLs). Among the residues, chlorothalonil (detected in 32 % of the samples), acetamiprid (16.3 %) and metalaxyl (and its enantiomer metalaxyl-M) (4.9 %) were the most frequently quantified pesticides.Öğe Research on Mould and Aflatoxin Contamination Levels of Feeds Used in Trout Farms of Adana (Turkey)(2021) Gölge, Özgür; Aktüre, Ayşegül; Aydın, RozelinThis research was conducted to analyze the mould counts and aflatoxin contamination levels of different types and sizes of feed used in trout farms of Adana. Totaly 33 different feeds supplied from 15 trout farms of Adana (Turkey) were analysed for moulds and aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2) between July-December 2010. To identify mould counts; the samples were incubated in the aerobic conditions at 25 ± 1 °C for five days by using Dichloran Rose Bengal Chloramphenicol Agar (DRBC). Aflatoxins were determined by using liquid-solid extraction and recoveries were obtained 70.00% to 112.20%. The precision of measured values of mould and aflatoxin analysis methods was calculated with the results of repeatability and reproducibility. The bias, expressing the accuracy value, varies between 4.312 and 12.909. Although moulds were found in 12 of 33 analysed samples (36.30%): aflatoxins were determined 8 out of 33 analysed samples (24.25%). Positive sample’s range were 3.08-4.86 log10 kob g-1 moulds and 0.21–0.90 ?g AFB1 kg-1 (ppb) of trout feeds. As a result, this research showed that none of the trout feeds used in trout farms of Adana has aflatoxins above Turkey legal limits.
