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Öğe Alternative Evaluation of Olive Pomace (Pirina) as Production Waste(Middle Pomeranian Sci Soc Env Prot, 2021) Atilgan, Atilgan; Rolbiecki, Roman; Saltuk, Burak; Ertop, Hasan; Markovic, MonikaWith the increasing need for energy, energy studies to be obtained from waste gain importance. In this study, it has been tried to determine the amount of biogas energy that can be obtained from olive pomace (pirina), which is produced by processing oil olives. Numerical maps of pirina amounts and potential biogas energy values and location maps of the proposed pirina processing plant were created. The necessary calculations were made by comparing the obtained results with the relevant literature information. In the study, the current potential biogas energy amount was calculated, maps were created and the electricity and gasoline energy equivalent levels of this energy were tried to be calculated using the 2015-2019 data of the Mediterranean, Aegean and Marmara Regions. The total potential amount of pirina in the research area is 1853375.7 tons and the potential biogas energy amount that can be obtained is 33360762.4 MJ. Pirina, which is the production waste after pressing the olives for oil, can be used for energy production. By using pirina to obtain biogas energy, both the utilization of pirina and the development of the regions will be provided.Öğe Büyükbaş Hayvansal Atıklardan Elde Edilebilir Biyogaz ve Elektrik Üretim Potansiyelin Belirlenerek Sayısal Haritaların Oluşturulması(Osman SAĞDIÇ, 2022) Ertop, Hasan; Atılgan, Atılgan; Saltuk, Burak; Aksoy, ErcümentBu çalışmada, Türkiye’de ki büyükbaş hayvansal atıklardan üretilebilecek biyogaz enerjisi potansiyeli yardımıyla iller bazında elektrik enerjisi miktarı belirlenerek, elde edilebilecek elektrik enerjisinin kullanılan elektrik enerjisini karşılama yüzdelerinin belirlenmesi hedeflenmiştir. Bununla birlikte iller bazında ki mevcut biyogaz tesisleri haritalandırılmış ve elektrik enerjisi elde etmek için büyükbaş hayvansal atıkların işlenebileceği biyogaz tesisleri de haritalandırılarak, bu haritalar kıyaslanmaya çalışılmıştır. Elde edilen değerler, konuyla ilgili literatür bilgileri ile karşılaştırılarak gerekli hesaplamalar yapılmıştır. Araştırmada Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu’nun 2020 yılı verileri dikkate alınarak, 81 ilde bulunan süt sığırı ve et sığırı sayılarına bağlı olarak, üretilebilecek biyogaz enerjisi ve biyogazdan elde edilebilecek elektrik enerjisi miktarı hesaplanmaya çalışılmıştır. Türkiye’de büyükbaş hayvansal atıklarından elde edilebilecek potansiyel biyogaz enerjisi miktarının 2361063163 MJ olduğu ve bu biyogaz enerjisinin yaklaşık 656375,63 MWh elektrik enerjisine eş değer olduğu belirlenmiştir. Elektrik enerjisi üretim potansiyelinin belirlenmesi ile illerin kullandığı elektrik enerjisini hangi yüzde ile karşılayabileceği, bu yüzdelerin enerji planlamalarında değerlendirilebileceği ve ayrıca bununla birlikte elde edilen haritaların ise biyogaz tesislerine yapılacak olan yatırım planlamalarına da katkı sağlayabileceği öngörülmektedir.Öğe Calculation of the Potential Biogas and Electricity Values of Animal Wastes: Turkey and Poland Case(Mdpi, 2023) Ertop, Hasan; Atilgan, Atilgan; Kociecka, Joanna; Krakowiak-Bal, Anna; Liberacki, Daniel; Saltuk, Burak; Rolbiecki, RomanThis research aimed to analyze the potential amount of electrical energy from biogas energy obtained from animal wastes in Turkey and Poland. Animal waste values were calculated by taking into account the recommended literature values. In determining the biomass energy potential of livestock enterprises in Turkey and Poland, FAO's 2012-2021 data were taken into account. The animal breeds selected as material in this study were cattle, goat, sheep, chicken, duck, goose, turkey, horse, pig, mule and donkey. Considering 10-year calculations, the potential amount of biogas energy that can be obtained from animal wastes for Turkey is 28,845,975 GJ, which is equivalent to 8,105,058 MWh of electrical energy. In Poland, the potential amount of biogas energy that can be generated from animal waste is 13,999,612 GJ, which is equivalent to 3,902,020 MWh of electricity. Moreover, it is estimated that the percentage of the potential amount of electricity to be obtained in 2021 to cover the amount of electricity consumed is 0.303% for Turkey and 0.392% for Poland. For 2021, the amount of economic gains that can be from electricity obtained was also calculated, and it was determined that this value can be 78,650,302 Euro for Turkey and 62,182,435 Euro for Poland. At the same time, it was calculated that the electricity needs of 406,170 houses in Turkey and 171,958 houses in Poland can be met in 2021. As a result, it is thought that the potential electricity to be obtained will contribute to determining energy gains and investment plans for biogas plants.Öğe Determination of global warming potential of dairy cattle farms(Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, 2023) Atilgan, Atilgan; Rolbiecki, Roman; Ertop, Hasan; Kociecka, Joanna; Aksoy, Ercument; Saltuk, BurakDairy cattle's breeding is carried out intensively in the Eastern Anatolia Region (Turkey) and is a source of methane emissions. This study calculated global warming potentials arising from enteric fermentation and manure management of existing dairy cattle farms in this region between 2016 and 2020 using the tier-1 method defined by the IPCC. As a result, it has been found that the global warming potential of this region is 20,287.68 x 103 tons of CO2 in total. The total CH4 value in the research area was 966.08 x 103 tons. Furthermore, it has been determined that 98.02% of these emissions are enteric CH4, and 1.98% is CH4 originating from fertiliser management. Therefore, it is seen that enteric CH4 constitutes a large part of the total CH4 emissions. For this reason, CH4 emissions can be controlled by choosing silage feeds in feed selection and adding minerals and vitamins to silage feeds.Öğe Investigation of Annual Lake Water Levels and Water Volumes with Sen Innovation and Mann-Kendall Rank Correlation Trend Tests: Example of Lake Egirdir, Turkey(Mdpi, 2022) Yucel, Ali; Markovic, Monika; Atilgan, Atilgan; Rolbiecki, Roman; Ertop, Hasan; Jagosz, Barbara; Ptach, WieslawLakes are the most important freshwater resources for humans. It is stated that together with population growth, unplanned urbanization, excessive water consumption, industrialization, and unconscious irrigation, global climate change causes changes in the water levels and volumes of lakes. Lake Egirdir in Turkey, which is important in terms of drinking and irrigation water use, was chosen as the study area. Lake Egirdir water level (LWL) and water volume (LWV) values measured between 1988-2019 were used. Dependencies in the annual LWL and LWV were examined by autocorrelation analysis, and trend changes were examined by regression analysis, the Mann-Kendall rank correlation test, and the Sen innovation trend test. The research has shown a significant decrease since 2000 in LWL and since 1990 in LWV. The LWL has decreased by -1.272 to -3.514 m and the LWV has decreased by -72.980 to -1082.134 hm(3) in approximately 32 years. The actions to be taken based on the values determined in this study will help protect the water resources of lakes. As a result of the tests used in our study, it was determined that there were decreases in both the water level and the volume of the lake. The climatic changes in the lake basin and the decrease in the water resources feeding the lake are shown as the biggest factor in these reductions.Öğe Manavgat İlçesinin Örtüaltı Sebze Yetiştiriciliğinde KirleticiFaktörler ve Çevresel Etkilerinin Belirlenmesi(2021) Atılgan, Atılgan; Sarı, Ümran; Saltuk, Burak; Ertop, HasanDünyayı saran pandemi nedeniyle insanların daha çok sebze ve meyve tüketme isteği ortaya çıkmıştır. Ayrıca ülkemizin ılıman biriklime sahip olmasının yanında toplum bilincinin gelişmesi sonucunda son yıllarda ülkemizde yıllık sebze ve meyve tüketiminin arttığıgözlenmektedir. Sera yetiştiriciliği, tarımın en önemli gelir getirici dallarından birisidir. Sıcak iklim kuşağındaki ülkelerde olduğu gibiAkdeniz Bölgesindeki seralarda ekonomik ve montaj kolaylığı bakımından yaygın olarak plastik örtü malzemesi tercih edilmektedir.Bu çalışmada, Manavgat Tarım ve Orman İlçe Müdürlüğünde çalışan teknik elemanların önerileriyle seracılık faaliyetlerinin yoğunyapıldığı Manavgat merkezdeki ve merkeze bağlı köylerdeki seralar incelemeye alınmıştır. Seralara ait arazi büyüklüklerine ilişkinistatistiksel veriler, basit tesadüfi örnekleme yöntemiyle, anket yapılarak belirlenmiştir. Alınan bilgiler doğrultusunda Manavgatyöresindeki 124 adet işletme materyal olarak tespit edilerek, araştırma alanı içinde işletmelere ayrı ayrı olarak gidilmiştir. Yapılançalışmayla Manavgat yöresinde örtüaltı sebze yetiştiriciliğinin tüm aşamalarında yapılan tüm tarımsal faaliyetler tespit edilmiştir. Aynızamanda tüm bu faaliyet aşamalarında çevre kirliliği ve çevresel sorunlara neden olan her türlü parametreler belirlenmiştir. Yapılan buaraştırma ile tarımsal anlamda oluşabilecek kirliliğin engellenerek, sürdürülebilir bir çevrenin sağlanması amacıyla ilkelerin belirlenmesi ve yapılan çözüm önerileri ile üreticilere fayda sağlayarak doğanın da korunması beklenmektedir. Bu kapsamda dönemdönem üreticiler ile bir araya gelerek gerekli eğitimlerin verilmesi gerektiği kanısına varılmıştır. Dolayısıyla bu eğitimlerin biyolojikmücadele, yeşil gübre uygulamaları ile birlikte yapılacak iyi tarım uygulamalarını kapsayan bilinçlendirme çalışmaları için atılacakadımların örnek olacağı kanısına varılmıştır.Öğe Projection of Machine Usage in Agriculture of Ardahan Province(2021) Ertop, Hasan; Atılgan, Atılgan; Gökdoğan, Osman; Saltuk, BurakIn this study, the usage projection of agricultural machinery used in agricultural operations in Ardahan province was examined. It is aimed to determine the projection of technology use in agriculture by using the data between 2011-2020. The change rates of 35 machines, including tillage, sowing, planting, fertilization, spraying, harvesting-threshing and other machines, between 2011-2020 were examined. Projection coefficients were calculated and by using these, coefficients were calculated and evaluated for the years 2021- 2030. In the study, the data of the Turkish Statistical Institute and findings from the related studies on the subject were used. It has been concluded that the positive projection coefficients of 29 machines considered in the technology usage projection will increase until 2030, while the projection coefficient determined for 6 machines is negative and there will be a decrease in these machines.Öğe The Benefits of Green Roofs and Possibilities for Their Application in Antalya, Turkey(Mdpi, 2025) Ertop, Hasan; Atilgan, Atilgan; Jakubowski, Tomasz; Kociecka, JoannaRapid population growth, urbanization, and industrialization have many negative environmental effects. These adverse effects are felt more in urban areas than in rural areas. Considering the high rate of urban development, the idea that green roof structures can be used on rooftops is important in reducing the current negative effects. In addition, water retention on these roof areas can be helpful in the face of drought periods. In this study, the amount of water that can be retained on a 100 m2 roof area in Antalya Province, Turkey was calculated. As a result, it was determined that August is the month when the least water can be retained due to rainfall. It was calculated that between 0.168 m3 and 0.363 m3 of water can be retained in August. Furthermore, the month in which the most water can be retained due to rainfall is December, and the amounts of water that can be retained are between 5.762 m3 and 21.640 m3. These calculated values are anticipated to be important in understanding how much water can be retained in the planned green roofs. In addition, it has been determined that the energy savings that can be made for heating purposes in a 100 m2 green roof area can be between 3900 kWh and 11,250 kWh.Öğe The Energy Potential of Waste from Banana Production: A Case Study of the Mediterranean Region(Mdpi, 2023) Atilgan, Atilgan; Krakowiak-Bal, Anna; Ertop, Hasan; Saltuk, Burak; Malinowski, MateuszRecently, with the development of technology, the number of studies on the need for energy and the possibilities of covering this need in a sustainable way has been increasing. The management of agricultural biomass and waste is cited as one of the challenges as well as a solution. Mersin and Antalya sites, where banana production is intensively practiced in Turkey, were selected as the study region. The potential amounts of energy values obtained from the waste generated during banana cultivation in the field area of study were calculated. The energy potential was calculated on the basis of the conversion of biogas that can be obtained from the waste. The values obtained were analyzed and compared with the levels of electricity used to determine the economic gains that can be achieved for Mersin and Antalya regions. The data on bananas used in study were obtained from the Turkish Statistical Institute (for the years 2016-2020). It is calculated that 2884.43 MWh of electricity can be generated in Mersin and 2218.26 MWh in Antalya per 5 years from the waste generated during banana production. The values of the number of houses whose needs can be met with the calculated five-year potential electricity amount are 1237 in Mersin and 952 in Antalya. It can be considered that reusing the potential energy that can be obtained from banana waste, examined as material for energy, used in agricultural production will result in a positive impetus to agricultural activities. Energy obtained from banana waste can cover a very small amount of the electrical energy needs of agricultural production, ranging from 0.19% to 0.34%. However, it is concluded that the potential amount of energy to be obtained by recycling not only banana waste but also other agricultural and food waste will be even higher.Öğe The Importance of Rainwater Harvesting and Its Usage Possibilities: Antalya Example (Turkey)(Mdpi, 2023) Ertop, Hasan; Kociecka, Joanna; Atilgan, Atilgan; Liberacki, Daniel; Niemiec, Marcin; Rolbiecki, RomanThe significance and effective use of water, one of the most basic requirements for sustaining vital activities, is gaining importance every day. Population growth and unprogrammed industrialization accelerate the consumption of available water resources. However, drought, as a result of climate change, poses a threat to water resources. Factors such as the exhaustibility of water resources, rapid population growth, unscheduled industrialization and drought increase the tendency towards alternative water resources. Rainwater harvesting is based on the principle of using the rainwater falling into the regions after it is stored. Water collected through rain harvesting can be utilized in many different areas, such as agricultural irrigation, landscape irrigation and domestic use. Among agricultural activities, the idea of water harvesting in greenhouse areas comes to the fore. Due to the gutters on the greenhouse roofs, water can be stored. In Antalya, which has about half of the greenhouses in Turkey, the amount of water in the rain harvest that can be obtained in greenhouses is 224,992,795.8 m(3) per year. Monthly calculations throughout the year showed that the minimum water can be harvested in August (938,447.53 m(3)) and the maximum (54,771,210 m(3)) in December. Therefore, it is thought that some plant water consumption can be met by building sufficient storage in areas close to the greenhouse.
