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Öğe ADAPTATION AND INITIAL VALIDATION OF THE L2-GRIT SCALE IN TURKISH(2023) Uştuk, Özgehan; Erarslan, AliEven though grit in language education, as an individual difference among learners, has recently been a very popular field in second language acquisition research, a few language-specific tools rather than domain-general ones to measure this individual difference have only been developed very recently. To add, adapted versions of these tools are needed to examine this notion across cultures and contexts. This study presents psychometric analyses of an adapted version of a language-specific grit scale in the Turkish language: the L2-Grit Scale in Turkish. An adapted scale was translated and administered to 284 university students studying at various universities across Turkey and learning English as a foreign language. Statistical analyses such as item, reliability, and exploratory factor analyses were run. The results showed that the L2-Grit Scale in Turkish is a highly reliable and internally consistent tool with a two-factor solution, and it can not only inform further grit research in the Turkish context but also contribute to this globally bourgeoning field.Öğe Assessing and improving course effectiveness in EAP(Springer Nature, 2024) Erarslan, AliThis chapter deals with evaluating and improving the effectiveness of English for Academic Purposes (EAP) courses with a central focus on assessment types implemented in EAP course evaluation contexts, course evaluation, and factors contributing to optimal student learning in EAP courses. The chapter goes into the details of course improvement, formative assessment, summative assessment, and their integration into course evaluation. Additionally, both formative assessment and summative assessment as well as using them for student learning course evaluation purposes are discussed. The chapter then moves to the significance of course and program evaluation while also taking students' needs analysis into account as the basis for course evaluation. The end of the chapter covers technology and artificial intelligence (AI) integration into EAP courses. Throughout the chapter, the focus is on the ways to evaluate EAP courses and to improve their effectiveness to ensure students are equipped with the necessary language skills in English for their academic field of study. © The Author(s). All rights reserved.Öğe Cognitive flexibility and grit during times of crisis for Turkish EFL teachers(Wiley, 2023) Erarslan, AliDue to the COVID-19 pandemic, the abrupt transition to virtual learning environments based on Emergency Remote Teaching (ERT) has posed significant challenges for teachers at all levels of education. The challenges of the pandemic revealed the significance of cognitive flexibility as a cognitive skill and grit as a noncognitive skill for teachers to adapt to the ERT conditions and to sustain their passion and perseverance. This study investigated whether the cognitive flexibility and grit levels of Turkish EFL (English as a Foreign Language) teachers significantly differed based on demographic variables and also explored how cognitive flexibility as a cognitive skill and grit as a noncognitive skill were associated with each other. Using a sequential, exploratory, mixed-method design, qualitative, and quantitative data were collected from 589 Turkish EFL teachers during the school closures. The collected data were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively, and structural equation modeling was used to determine the relationship between cognitive flexibility and grit. The findings showed that cognitive flexibility and grit differed more in terms of profession-related variables (teaching experience and school type) than personal demographic variables (age and gender). Also, structural equation modeling showed that both cognitive flexibility and grit significantly correlated with each other as a novel finding contributing to the literature. The qualitative findings showed that teachers used cognitive flexibility and grit-based strategies to overcome the difficulties caused by the pandemic.Öğe DEVELOPING A SCALE TO EVALUATE TURKISH PRIMARY SCHOOL SECOND(2019) Erarslan, Ali; Topkaya, Ece ZehirIn Turkey, three major English Language Teaching Program (ELTP) changes have taken place since the first ELTP introduced in 1997. Following the 2006 ELTP, a new program was launched in 2013 with the common name known as 4+4+4 education system with which English Language Teaching Program was started from the $2^{nd}$ grades in primary schools. Due to lack of a valid and reliable evaluation tool in literature, this study aims to develop and validate a scale to evaluate the $2^{nd}$ grade ELTP that is currently in use in the Turkish education system. The scale development steps of De Vellis (2003) were followed and 84 items were pooled via conducting a literature review and document analysis, surveying the opinions of 15 primary school language teachers and utilizing interviews with 5 teachers. With the participation of 118 teachers, the first version of the scale was submitted to exploratory factor analysis, which yielded a five-factor solution with 34 items. This revised version was then administered to 85 teachers to conduct confirmatory factor analysis and reliability analysis. In its final form, the scale consisted of 28 items with 5 factors, the Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficients of which ranging from .86 to .93. The results indicate that the scale can be used to evaluate the $2^{nd}$ grade ELTP.Öğe DEVELOPING A SCALE TO EVALUATE TURKISH PRIMARY SCHOOL SECOND GRADE ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING PROGRAM(Kürşat ÖNCÜL, 2019) Erarslan, Ali; Topkaya, Ece ZehirIn Turkey, three major English Language Teaching Program (ELTP) changes have taken place since the first ELTP introduced in 1997. Following the 2006 ELTP, a new program was launched in 2013 with the common name known as 4+4+4 education system with whichEnglish Language Teaching Program was started from the 2ndgrades in primary schools. Due to lack of a valid and reliable evaluation tool in literature, this study aims to develop and validate a scale to evaluate the 2ndgrade ELTP that is currently in use in the Turkish education system. The scale development steps of DeVellis (2003) were followed and 84 items were pooled via conducting a literature review and document analysis, surveying the opinions of 15 primary school language teachers and utilizing interviews with 5 teachers. With the participation of 118 teachers, the first version of the scale was submitted to exploratory factor analysis, which yielded a five-factor solution with 34 items. This revised version was then administered to 85 teachers to conduct confirmatory factor analysis and reliability analysis. In its final form, the scale consisted of 28 items with 5 factors, the Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficients of which ranging from .86 to .93. The results indicate that the scale can be used toevaluate the 2ndgrade ELTP.Öğe EFL Students Attitudes Towards e-Learning And Effect of An Online Course on Students Success in English(Leyla HARPUTLU, 2017) Erarslan, Ali; Topkaya, Ece ZehirIn some state universities in Turkey, students are given English preparatory education for a year and in addition to formal education they receive in the classroom environment, they also have online education embedded with into their formal education as an extra opportunity provided generally by online platforms. Within e-learning, students have online practice in relation to language areas such as grammar and vocabulary together with language skills except for speaking. Although learners have online course to support their formal class performances, the effect of online course on their overall success at preparatory classes is not clear. To have an insight into the possible effects of an online course on their success in English, 47 students were given a questionnaire to understand their attitudes towards online education, and their online scores were analyzed in comparison with their midterm and quiz scores. It was found that the students have partly positive attitudes towards online course; however, online course does not help students in terms of their overall success at preparatory class.Öğe English language teaching and learning during Covid-19: A global perspective on the first year(Gürhan DURAK, 2021) Erarslan, AliThe world recently witnessed the unexpected emergence of a coronavirus that caused the Covid-19 pandemic and severely impacted all aspects of human life. The sudden lockdown that came with the announcement of the pandemic affected health systems, the world economy and, inevitably, education systems across the globe. Due to the pandemic, schools and universities were closed, face-to-face education was suspended and a shift to emergency online teaching was instituted. English language training took its share in this transition and several studies were conducted to investigate the effects of the pandemic on emergency online teaching and the learning of English. This integrative literature review study analyses and synthesizes the research studies conducted between March 2020 and February 2021 to illustrate the first year of the pandemic in terms of English language teaching and learning globally. Thus, 69 research studies were selected for analysis. Findings show that the emergency online teaching and learning of English mainly created challenges due to the internet connection problems and students’ access to computer or smart phones. On the other hand, contributing the teachers’ digital literacy skills, the significance of online teaching and learning in case of emergency situations was highlighted as the findings showed. The studies produced conflicting results in terms of the implementation of emergency online teaching and learning practices, English language teachers and students’ perceptions and attitudes, the affective, motivational and cognitive aspects, and the impact of emergency online teaching on the language development of students.Öğe Factors affecting the implementation of primary school English language teaching programs in Turkey(Journal Language Teaching & Learning, 2019) Erarslan, AliDue to the influence of globalization and endeavors to meet the demands of the changing world, English has been taught as a foreign language in Turkey for years, and English language teaching programs (ELTP) in Turkey has gone through three major changes with the introduction of the 1997, 2006 and 2013 curriculum changes. In line with this, several evaluation studies investigated the primary school English teaching programs from various aspects including the factors affecting the implementation. Thus, this study aimed at investigating the primary school English language teaching program evaluation studies related to the 1997, 2006 and 2013 ELTPs from the perspective of factors hindering the implementation. As an integrative literature review of 66 studies, findings of this study show that teacher and teacher-related issues were among the main factors as well as course hour, class size and L1 mastery, common to each program change hindering the implementation of ELTPs. (c) Association of Applied Linguistics. All rights reservedÖğe Factors Affecting the Implementation of Primary School English Language Teaching Programs in Turkey(Gazi Yabancı Diller Derneği, 2019) Erarslan, AliDue to the influence of globalization and endeavors to meet the demands of the changing world, English has been taught as a foreign language in Turkey for years, and English language teaching programs (ELTP) in Turkey has gone through three major changes with the introduction of the 1997, 2006 and 2013 curriculum changes. In line with this, several evaluation studies investigated the primary school English teaching programs from various aspects including the factors affecting the implementation. Thus, this study aimed at investigating the primary school English language teaching program evaluation studies related to the 1997, 2006 and 2013 ELTPs from the perspective of factors hindering the implementation. As an integrative literature review of 66 studies, findings of this study show that teacher and teacher-related issues were among the main factors as well as course hour, class size and L1 mastery, common to each program change hindering the implementation of ELTPs.Öğe From students' perspectives: EFL learners' metaphors about English instructors in Turkey(2017) Erarslan, Ali; Asmalı, MehmetThe purpose of this study is to understand university preparatory class students' mental images about their English language instructors through metaphors. With regard to this aim, 148 students enrolled in 16 different programs were required to write metaphors on the metaphor elicitation task including the statement "my English instructor is like........................because.................................". Metaphor analysis technique including naming, elimination, deciding unit of analysis, categorization, quantitative analysis of data was employed for the analysis. 153 metaphors were sorted into 9 conceptual themes. While ‘teacher as nurturer’ was the leading category with 40 metaphors, ‘teacher as someone good-hearted’ followed it with 37 metaphors. It was seen that male participants emphasized good-hearted nature of language instructors and their ability to provide knowledge whereas female participants focused on their teachers’ nurturer side. A closer interaction between the instructors and students could be attributed to the reason why students mostly had positive views concerning their language instructors.Öğe From Students' Perspectives: EFL Learners' Metaphors about English Instructors in Turkey(2017) Erarslan, Ali; Asmalı, MehmetThe purpose of this study is to understand university preparatory classstudents' mental images about their English language instructors through metaphors.With regard to this aim, 148 students enrolled in 16 different programs wererequired to write metaphors on the metaphor elicitation task including the statement\"my English instructor is like........................because.................................\". Metaphoranalysis technique including naming, elimination, deciding unit of analysis,categorization, quantitative analysis of data was employed for the analysis. 153metaphors were sorted into 9 conceptual themes. While ‘teacher as nurturer’ was theleading category with 40 metaphors, ‘teacher as someone good-hearted’ followed itwith 37 metaphors. It was seen that male participants emphasized good-heartednature of language instructors and their ability to provide knowledge whereas femaleparticipants focused on their teachers’ nurturer side. A closer interaction between theinstructors and students could be attributed to the reason why students mostly hadpositive views concerning their language instructors.Öğe Investigating e-learning motivational strategies of higher education learners against online distractors(2021) Erarslan, Ali; Şeker, MeralExploring higher education learners' e-learning experiences and the challenges they encounter is required to equip them with necessary skills and strategies to attain their academic goals (Cooper & Corpus, 2009). By identifying the types of and the frequency of exposure to distractors, the study was specifically geared towards finding out the level of motivational self-regulated strategies, including volition and goal commitment strategies, employed against online distractors during e-learning by higher education learners. The data were gathered through a questionnaire developed after a comprehensive literature review and semi-structured interviews (n = 38). The questionnaire was completed by higher education learners (n = 279), who were found to implement goal commitment and volition strategies at moderate levels despite the high frequency of exposure to distractors. The overall findings imply that equipping learners with motivational e-learning strategies encompassing goal commitment and volition strategies is necessary. This will require more in-depth research conducted to explore the role of self-regulated strategies in predicting learner engagement in the context of online learning.Öğe Language policy, planning, and advocacy in language education(IGI Global, 2024) Erarslan, Ali; Ilhan, BerkThis chapter examines the central role of policy development and advocacy in shaping language education landscapes globally. Focusing on the intersection of language policymaking and planning, the chapter highlights the multifaceted features of effective language education policies that promote linguistic and cultural diversity. Drawing upon theoretical frameworks, the chapter aims at revealing the complexities of language policy formulation, and implementation, highlighting the critical importance of stakeholder engagement, research-based practices, and advocacy efforts in driving meaningful change. By providing language policy and planning in the USA, the European Union and Türkiye, different policy approaches are shown in line with historical changes. In short, this chapter aims to empower educators, policymakers, and advocates with the knowledge and strategies needed to navigate the ever-evolving landscape of language education policy. © 2024, IGI Global. All rights reserved.Öğe Micro-level policies and practices regarding plagiarism in advanced reading and writing courses in Turkey(Peter Lang AG, 2019) Erarslan, Ali; Zehir Topkaya, EceA growing body of literature shows that plagiarism has become widespread student behaviour at tertiary level. Here, we report on a small-scale qualitative research study regarding academics' individual policies against plagiarism and their gate-keeping practices and behaviour in a year-long, compulsory "Advanced Reading and Writing" course at pre-service English language teacher course in Turkey. Five academics from five different universities participated in the study. The data were collected via document analysis and an online survey and submitted to inductive content analysis. The document analysis of the course syllabi revealed that there are no plagiarism statements, warnings or possible repercussions of unethical conduct, or an explicit section allotted to Academic Integrity as part of the content. As for the findings of the survey study, three major themes were identified: awareness on plagiarism, individual policies, and departmental awareness and policies. The findings indicate that the academics have a similar understanding of plagiarism and they pay attention to it. However, they have different practices in terms of detecting and preventing plagiarism due to not having similarity-detection software, the high number of students taking the course, and lack of institutional/departmental awareness. Finally, there are no departmental written policies or guidelines to prevent or manage academic misconduct. Thus, institutional, departmental and individual policies need to be clarified to make students aware of this issue and avoid it. © Peter Lang GmbH Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften Berlin 2018. All rights reserved.Öğe Online Learning Experiences of University Students and the Effects of Online Learning on their Learning Practices(Selami AYDIN, 2020) Erarslan, Ali; Arslan, AbdullahOnline education has become an indispensable part of modern education all over the world especially in the last 20 years. One of the fields where teaching through online education has been popular and widespread is foreign language teaching. Thus, the pre-service English language teachers’ online learning experiences in their departments can be significant for both their future teaching practices and teacher education in designing and implementing the online courses for students studying in English language teaching (henceforth ELT) departments. To this end, this study aimed at understanding ELT students’ online learning experiences in online courses delivered asynchronously either as supplementary to face-to-face courses or through content that is directly delivered online independent of face-to-face courses. Apart from figuring out learners’ opinions about online learning, the effects of their online learning experiences on their study practices were scrutinized throughout the study. Designed as a qualitative study, the data were collected from 41 ELT department students in a state university and analyzed qualitatively based on identifying common themes and categories. The findings of the study showed that students held both positive and negative opinions regarding online learning. Additionally, it was found that online learning contributed to students in terms of gaining e-autonomous study skills.Öğe Primary school second grade english language teaching program: insiders’ views on its strengths and weaknesses(2019) Erarslan, Ali; Topkaya, Ece ZehirThe advents in technology, science and globalization have increased the need to communicate in a foreign language. In order to keep abreast of these demands of the global world and the local needs of individuals, curricula and teaching programs change constantly in formal education settings. In Turkey, English language teaching programs went through three major changes taking place in 1997, 2006 and 2013, the last of which was a major change known as 4+4+4 education system. Thus, this study was conducted to evaluate the 2013 2nd grade English Language Teaching Program (ELTP) from teachers' perspectives with a focus on its general characteristics, aims, outcomes, and content. To address this research objective, the data were collected qualitatively by employing in-depth interviews with 14 teachers who were implementing the 2nd grade ELTP in state primary schools in the city center of Denizli province. Inductive content analysis revealed that teachers mostly have positive opinions regarding the different components of the ELTP. The motivational quality of it, its emphasis on communicative competence with practical language use are considered as the best aspects of it while some concerns regarding the number of the outcomes, limited practice opportunities stemming from insufficient class hours, and the order of the content are reported.Öğe Progressive vs modular system in preparatory school English language teaching program: A case of system change at a state university in Turkey(2019) Erarslan, AliDue to its importance in almost all significant fields such as science, technology, education and trade, English language is offered as a compulsory course in all levels of formal education in Turkey. In the higher education context, most universities offer one-year compulsory English preparatory education for students enrolled in departments whose medium of instruction is in English. Commonly, the two systems existing in preparatory programs known as modular system and progressive system enact the legislation and organization of courses as well as the assessment, classroom procedures and material design. In progressive system, English education is offered throughout the year based on learners’ level of English according to the placement test given at the beginning of the education year; on the other hand, in modular system English is taught in different modules at the same time allowing learners to move forward or fall behind their current levels. Because of the poor English levels of the preparatory class students at a state university in Turkey, a system change from a progressive system to a modular one took place which started to be implemented from 2015-2016 academic year onwards. For the purpose of evaluating both systems, English language instructors’ views related to strengths and weaknesses of the modular and progressive systems were gathered through a semi-structured opinion form. The data were gathered from 23 participants who actively taught English in the both systems and were analysed through inductive content analysis. Findings of the study show that the participants found the modular system effective and efficient since students were placed in their correct levels of English unlike in the progressive system and since they were assessed based on their current level of English, Additionally, the participants favoured the modular system due to well-planned placement system in each module although they reported that modular system caused confusion on the part of the instructors because of the frequent exams and quizzes applied within a limited period. Besides, delivering English in more than one module at a time also caused the instructors to feel under pressure and a burden. As for progressive system, it was found that it was practical in terms of planning and organization in spite of decreasing student motivation. These findings indicate that although instructors find modular system effective and efficient, it needs a good planning and organization.Öğe Shifting to Online Learning Through Cognitive Flexibility(Igi Global, 2021) Erarslan, Ali; Beliakova, Irina E.; Kecherukova, MarinaThe chapter presents a review of the approaches to cognitive flexibility as an ability, behaviour, and executive function in psychology and neuroscience. In education, it was used to develop cognitive flexibility theory, which is treated as a pedagogical tool to enhance learners' information processing skills. The chapter also stresses the importance of cognitive flexibility in the context of transformation to distance learning in two universities of Russia and one in Turkey during the coronavirus pandemic in Spring-Fall 2020 when faculty members were forced to use flexible and creative solutions and approaches to resume the discontinued in-person learning online and maintain it.Öğe Strengths and weaknesses of primary school english language teaching programs in Turkey: Issues regarding program components(2018) Erarslan, AliToday, the ability to communicate in English is a need brought about by the globalization process encompassing developments in many fields such as science and technology. To address this need, English language teaching programs in Turkey (henceforth ELTP) underwent substantial changes within the larger curriculum reform movements taking place in 1997, 2006 and 2013, the last of which is also called the 4+4+4 education system. In these ELTPs, major differences were based on primary school English language teaching and learning. However, there is a growing claim that these ELTPs did not achieve the intensions in equipping primary school students with the necessary communicative skills in English. Thus, this integrative literature review study aims to explore the results of the evaluation studies so as to understand the strengths and weaknesses of each ELTP regarding such program components as aims and outcomes, content, materials, and testing and assessment. In line with this, studies conducted to evaluate the 1997, 2006 and 2013 ELTPs were examined thoroughly, and their findings were identified for the analysis. The analysis of the studies showed that problems with the ELTPs under evaluation included not carefully written aims and outcomes failing to include all domains. It also reveals problems with the selection and design of the content and materials which failed to be adequate and effective. Lastly, reliance on paper-based assessment even failing to include productive skills is seen to be another problem. All these issues seem to be persistent over all the ELTPs, thus they call for careful consideration and action for the improvement of further program changes. © 2018 EJAL & the Authors. Published by Eurasian Journal of Applied Linguistics (EJAL). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (CC BY-NC-ND) (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).Öğe THE EFFECTS OF VIDEOS ON LISTENING SKILL AND VOCABULARY IN THE PROCESS OF LANGUAGE LEARNING(Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi, 2021) Asmalı, Mehmet; Erarslan, AliConsidering recent advancement of technology and increased video use in language teaching and learning, this study attempted to investigate main findings of the studies conducted to examine the impact of video use on learners’ listening skills and vocabulary development in English language teaching (ELT). In this regard, 52 articles published between the years 2000 and 2020 in various scientific journals indexed in several research databases were found by searching relevant keywords. Analysis was conducted employing content analysis and constant comparison method. Some major themes were found such as ‘the learners’ attitudes towards watching videos’, ‘the effects of watching videos on listening skill,’ and ‘the role of subtitles in improving listening skill’ considering the impact of video watching on listening skills; and ‘effects of watching videos on vocabulary development’ and ‘effects of subtitles on vocabulary development’ regarding vocabulary development. The findings presented the effectiveness of different forms of subtitling on learners’ listening skills and vocabulary development as well.
