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    Analysis and Impact of Activated Carbon Incorporation into Urea-Formaldehyde Adhesive on the Properties of Particleboard
    (Mdpi, 2023) Ergun, Mehmet Emin; Ozlusoylu, Ismail; Istek, Abdullah; Can, Ahmet
    Nowadays, the particleboard industry cannot meet the market's demand. Therefore, filler materials have started to be used both to conserve raw materials and to enable the use of wood-based boards in different areas. This study investigates the effects of incorporating different ratios of activated carbon (0%, 1.5%, 4.5%, 7.5%) on the properties of particleboards. The physical properties were examined, including density, moisture content, thickness swelling, and water absorption. The results reveal that the density increased with increasing activated carbon content while the moisture content decreased, indicating improved dimensional stability and water resistance. Additionally, the color properties were influenced by activated carbon, leading to a darker appearance with decreased lightness and yellow-blue components. The mechanical properties, such as internal bond strength, modulus of rupture, and modulus of elasticity, showed significant enhancements with the addition of activated carbon, indicating improved bonding and increased strength. Moreover, the thermal conductivity decreased with increasing activated carbon content and improved insulation performance. Scanning electron microscope analysis confirmed the uniform distribution of activated carbon within the particleboard matrix, without agglomeration, positively impacting the mechanical performance. According to the thermogravimetric analysis results, the addition of activated carbon led to a decrease of up to 6.15% in mass loss compared to the control group. The incorporation of activated carbon at a ratio of 4.5% in particleboards confers notable enhancement to their physical, mechanical, and thermal characteristics. These findings contribute to understanding the potential benefits and considerations of using activated carbon as an additive in particleboard production.
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    Effect of Pore Size of Activated Carbons Produced from Different Wood Waste on the Leakage of Phase Change Material-based Composites
    (North Carolina State Univ Dept Wood & Paper Sci, 2025) Can, Ahmet; Ergun, Mehmet Emin; Gencel, Osman; Yazici, Hikmet
    A shape-stabilized lauric acid-activated carbon composite was prepared using a one-step impregnation method. Activated carbon (AC) was produced from different wood waste (Scots pine (Pi) and poplar (Pop)), and lauric acid (LA) was used as a phase change material (PCM) for thermal energy storage. Wood waste from Scots pine and poplar was activated with phosphoric acid (A) and zinc chloride (S) at 600 degrees C for 90 min to produce AC. The AC was examined by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, and the properties of the LA/AC composites were investigated by Fourier transformation infrared spectroscope (FTIR), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electronic microscope (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermal gravimetric analysis (TG), and thermal conductivity. The BET surface area of the produced AC was 1050, 1130, 625 m(2)/g, and 746 m(2)/g for PiA, PiS, PopA, PopS, respectively. The porous structure of AC reduced the leaching of LA during phase change. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results showed a latent heat capacity of 29 J/g and a melting temperature of 48.9 degrees C for the LA/AC composite. The DSC results indicated that the composites exhibited the same phase change characteristics as those of the LA and their latent heats decreased. The TG results indicated that the AC could improve the thermal stability of the composites. Thermal conductivity decreased by 7.48% in PiA-PCM samples but increased by 6.86% in the PopS-PCM by AC.
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    Optimized Eco-Friendly Foam Materials: A Study on the Effects of Sodium Alginate, Cellulose, and Activated Carbon
    (Mdpi, 2024) Ergun, Mehmet Emin; Kurt, Rifat; Can, Ahmet; Ozlusoylu, Ismail; Kalyoncu, Evren Ersoy
    This study focuses on optimizing the physical and mechanical properties of foam materials produced with the addition of sodium alginate as the matrix, and cellulose and activated carbon as fillers. Foam materials, valued for their lightweight and insulation properties, are typically produced from synthetic polymers that pose environmental risks. To mitigate these concerns, this study investigates the potential of natural, biodegradable polymers. Various foam formulations were tested to evaluate their density, compression modulus, and thermal conductivity. The results indicated that an increase in activated carbon content enhanced thermal stability, as indicated by higher Ti% and Tmax% values. Additionally, a higher concentration of sodium alginate and activated carbon resulted in higher foam density and compressive modulus, while cellulose exhibited a more intricate role in the material's behavior. In the optimal formula, where the sum of the component percentages totals 7.6%, the percentages (e.g., 0.5% sodium alginate, 5% cellulose, and 2.1% activated carbon) are calculated based on the weight/volume (w/v) ratio of each component in the water used to prepare the foam mixture. These results indicate that natural and biodegradable polymers can be used to develop high-performance, eco-friendly foam materials.
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    Properties of Oak Wood Incorporating Microencapsulated Phase Change Material
    (North Carolina State Univ Dept Wood & Paper Sci, 2023) Can, Ahmet; Ergun, Mehmet Emin; Ozlusoylu, Ismail
    Microencapsulated phase change materials (MPCMs) incorporated into oak wood via vacuum impregnation have shown promise as thermal energy storage (TES) materials. Physical and chemical properties of MPCMs and resulting Phase Change Energy Storage Wood (PCESW) were analyzed. Scanning electron microscopy and particle size analyses revealed similar particle sizes, while X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectra confirmed crystal phase and chemical structure. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry determined thermal properties, including phase change temperature, enthalpy, thermal stability, and conductivity. The MPCMs exhibited a phase change enthalpy of 146.0 J/g and temperature of 35.0 & DEG;C, with excellent thermal stability. The FTIR, XRD, and TGA analyses showed unchanged chemical structure, crystallinity ratios, and decomposition in two stages, respectively. The PCESW exhibited a latent heat storage of 3.02 J/g at 25.4 & DEG;C. Decay tests demonstrated noticeably reduced weight loss (1.22% and 1.55%) for MPCMW samples treated with Trametes versicolor and Coniophora puteana, compared to unleached control samples (19.7% and 20.8%). These findings indicate the high efficiency and potential of PCESW as a thermal energy storage material.
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    Properties of Pinus nigra Arn. wood impregnated with phase change materials for potential energy-saving building material
    (Elsevier, 2024) Can, Ahmet; Ozlusoylu, Ismail; Sozen, Eser; Ergun, Mehmet Emin
    In this research, Pinus nigra solid wood (SW) and myristic acid (MA) were prepared as a shape stable phase change material (PCM) using a vacuum impregnation method. Three different concentrations of wood samples such as 15 %, 30 % and 60 % were impregnated and a minimum of 8 % and maximum of 22 % weight gain was obtained. The impregnated samples were characterised by scanning electron microscope (SEM), fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) analyses and water uptake, resistance to fungal decay, modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, compressive and tension strength parallel to the fibers of the samples were tested. The maximum weight increase after impregnation was 25 % and 60 % for the water uptake test samples. The most satisfactory sample was the 60 % modified wood which solidified at 53.50 C with a latent heat of 26.1 J/g and melted at 51.01 C-degrees with a latent heat of 24.7 J/g (medium -temperature zone (buildings fields)). After impregnation, FTIR and XRD analyses revealed no chemical interaction between MA and the wood. Wood was decomposed in a single stage at 367 C, and MAmodified wood was decomposed at two different temperatures: 181-198 C and 365-372 C. At 60 % concentration, MA -modified wood samples showed resistance to T. versicolor fungus, and weight loss of less than 5 % was obtained. After 264 h in the water, the hygroscopic tests demonstrated that the MA/SW composite exhibited low water uptake and good anti -swelling efficiency (ASE). Wood samples impregnated with 60 % MA rose in modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity, whereas compression and tension parallel to grain values decreased by 7 % and 5 %, respectively. The improvements in heat conductivity are almost 64 % more than the control wood (0.15 W/mK).