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    Association of ANKK1 and DRD2 gene polymorphisms with exercise addiction among elite athletes
    (Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2025) Yildiz, Yeliz A.; Kasakolu, Anil; Bulgay, Celal; Biyikli, Turker; Kazan, Hasan H.; Koncagul, Seyrani; Bayraktar, Isik
    Exercise addiction is a behavior that may dysregulate athletic performance, and social and professional interactions of athletes. Whereas environmental factors including training routines and personal traits could contribute to exercise addiction, recent studies have emphasized the importance of genetic predisposition, leading to development of a subfield known as sports psychogenetics. In sports psychogenetics, ankyrin repeat and kinase domain containing 1 (ANKK1) and dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) genes, located on chromosome 11 in a close proximity, have attracted research interest due to their involvement in dopaminergic signaling playing a crucial role in reward processing, motivation, cognition and behavior. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate potential associations between 14 polymorphisms in ANKK1/DRD2 and exercise addiction among elite badminton players (n = 39) and elite wrestlers (n = 68). Exercise addiction was assessed using a psychometric screening instrument and allele frequencies of the selected polymorphisms were analyzed through genotyping with a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) microarray. Results indicated that two SNPs, rs7118900 and rs4436578, were significantly and independently associated with exercise addiction. Rs7118900 has previously been associated with an increased risk of drug addiction, neuroticism, and depressed effect whereas rs4436578 has been associated with neuroticism. In addition to those SNPS, rs2283265 and rs1125394 SNPs were also linked to exercise addiction in a branch-independent manner. Therefore, it is proposed that these SNPs could serve as genetic markers for identifying individuals at high risk of exercise addiction among athletes. However, further research is needed to understand the involvement of these SNPs in exercise addiction more comprehensively.
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    Athletic performance, sports experience, and exercise addiction: an association study on ANKK1 gene polymorphism rs1800497
    (Frontiers Media Sa, 2023) Bayraktar, Isik; Cepicka, Ladislav; Barasinska, Magdalena; Kazan, Hasan Huseyin; Zorba, Erdal; Ergun, Mehmet Ali; Eken, Ozgur
    Introduction: Exercise addiction is a phenomenon being able to affecting the athletic performance. The gene, ANKK1 and the polymorphism NM_178510.2:c.2137G > A (rs1800497) has been linked to the exercise addiction. However, further studies on diverse populations and sport branches are needed to totally explore the possible association of this polymorphism with the athletic performance. Thus, the present study aims to decipher any possible relations of the rs1800497 polymorphism with the athletic performance/personal best (PB) and sport experience of elite athletes. Methods: Sixty volunteer elite athletes (31 sprint/power and 29 endurance) and 20 control/sedentary participated in the study. The polymorphism was genotyped using whole exome sequencing approach and PB were determined according to the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) score. Results: Our results underlined that there were not any significance differences for both allele and genotype frequencies between the groups in terms of athletic performance, although the frequency of allele G was higher (p > 0.05). Nevertheless, sport experience significantly associated with the rs1800496 polymorphism (p < 0.05). Discussion: In conclusion, genotype G/G could be inferred to be linked to the higher sport experience and athletic performance. Still, further studies with higher number of participants are needed to conclude the association of this polymorphism with athletic parameters.
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    BDNF coexpresses with MTOR and is associated with muscle fiber size, lean mass and power-related traits
    (Springer, 2025) Bulgay, Celal; Zorba, Erdal; Kazan, Hasan H.; Bayraktar, Isik; Uca, Merve; Ergun, Mehmet A.; John, George
    PurposeRecent research suggests a link between brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and the mTOR signaling pathway, a key regulator of protein synthesis and muscle growth. However, it remains unclear whether BDNF influences muscle growth and power performance. Our study aimed to investigate the relationship between the expression of BDNF and MTOR genes in human skeletal muscle and examine the association between genetically predicted higher expression of the BDNF gene and muscle fiber size, lean mass, power performance, and power athlete status. MethodsThe study involved 456,382 subjects, including 285 athletes, 112 physically active individuals with muscle fiber composition data, 291 sedentary individuals with gene expression data, 5451 controls, and 450,243 UK Biobank participants. The muscle fiber composition was evaluated using immunohistochemistry, while gene expression analysis was performed using RNA sequencing. BDNF genotyping was carried out using real-time PCR or microarrays. ResultsWe found that BDNF gene expression was positively associated with MTOR gene expression in the vastus lateralis (p < 0.0001). Furthermore, genetically predicted higher BDNF expression (i.e., carriage of the C allele of the rs6265 (Val66Met) BDNF polymorphism) was positively associated with the cross-sectional area of fast-twitch muscle fibers in athletes (p = 0.0069), appendicular lean mass (p = 2.6 x 10(-)(7)), personal best scores of power athletes (p = 0.029), and power athlete status (p = 0.0056). ConclusionOur study demonstrates a positive correlation between BDNF and MTOR gene expression in human skeletal muscle, with genetically predicted higher BDNF expression associated with greater muscle fiber size, lean mass, enhanced power performance, and power athlete status.
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    Physiological and Performance Response to Repeat Sprint Tests in Women Athletes
    (Anadolu Univ, 2022) Kilincarslan, Gokmen; Kayantas, Idris; Bayrakdar, Akan; Bayraktar, Isik
    This research was conducted to examine the physiological and performance responses of repeated sprint tests in female athletes. Thirteen female athletes from Bingol province participated in the research. The measurements were made in the Bingol University gym. In the study, height, body weight, age, year of sport, body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage measurements were taken for the descriptive characteristics of the participants. For repeated sprint measurements, the participants, on three separate days and in random order, participated straight repetition sprint (6x25m; straight repeat sprint test) with a 25-second passive rest, 180 degrees shuttle repeat sprint (6x(2x12.5m); shuttle repeat sprint test) and 100 degrees change of direction (6x25m; repeated sprint test with change of direction) tests. After three different repeated sprint tests, the participants' best sprint time, total sprint time and performance decrease percentage values were determined as performance responses. In addition, resting heart rate and heart rate during warm-up were determined by a polar clock. The mean age of the athletes participating in the study was 20.46 +/- 1.66, the year of sport was 5.00 +/- 3.69, height 1.66 +/- 0.05 m, body weight 50.06 +/- 5.65 kg, body mass index 18.00 +/- 1.68 kg/height2, body fat percentage 22.70 +/- 2.33 (%) and skeletal muscle weight 17.56 +/- 4.98 (%). As a result of the comparison of different sprint tests, no significant difference was found in the number of resting heartbeats before the warm-up and the percentage of performance decrease (%) (p>0.05). As a result of different sprint tests, a significant difference was found at the p<0.05 level in the pre-exercise heart rate, best sprint time, total sprint time and perceived difficulty level(max) values. It is seen in the table 2 that the straight repeated sprint test - the best sprint time values are better than the shuttle repeated sprint test - the best sprint test and the repetitive sprint test with change of direction - best sprint time. Likewise, it was determined that the straight repeated sprint test - total sprint time values were better than the shuttle repeated sprint - total sprint time and repetitive sprint test with change of direction - total sprint time values. As a result, although straight, shuttle and repetitive sprint tests with change of direction show differences in terms of the best sprint time, total sprint time and perceived difficulty level, the lack of difference in the percentage of performance decrease and heart rate shows that these three tests do not differ in terms of fatigue and physiological-metabolic characteristics.
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    Prediction of Jumping Distance Using Run-Up Velocity and Age for Female Long Jumpers
    (Lahore Medical Research Center Llp, 2021) Bayraktar, Isik; Cilli, Murat; Ors, Tuncay
    It is the flight distance which is approximately ninety percent of jump distance in long jump. On the other hand, there are many biomechanical factors that determine the flight distance and horizontal velocity is considered to be the most effective factor. The aim of this study was to create a jump distance estimation model based on run-up velocity that can practically be used by trainers. The research data was included 858 valid trials of 156 female Turkish long jumpers (ages: 17.8 +/- 3.4 years). According to the correlation results of the current study; a nonlinear regression model was used between the variables found to have the highest correlation (age, last 10 meter run-up velocity, jump distance). According to this model, 79.10% of the jump distance can be estimated with the variables of age and run-up velocity in the last ten meters. Developed to be used for female long jumpers at a broad performance level, this model may make it possible to make technical evaluations about whether the velocity, technique and strength of a female long jumper are stable.