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    Olfactory Function in Greenhouse Workers With Allergic Rhinitis Assessed by Sniffin' Sticks Testing
    (Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2025) Altintaş, Mustafa; Kar, Murat; Bayar Muluk, Nuray; Cingi, Cemal
    Objectives: The authors assessed olfactory perceptual ability in greenhouse workers with allergic rhinitis (AR) using the Sniffin’ Sticks test battery. Methods: The study group (group 1) was formed from 51 greenhouse workers with allergic rhinitis (AR) (group 1) in the Antalya Province of Turkey. The control group (group 2) was formed from 49 healthy volunteers. The olfactory perception was assessed for each subject enrolled in the trial utilizing the Sniffin’ Sticks’ odorous felt-tipped pens. Results: There were significant differences between the scores obtained for pen 6 and pen 12, which the study group could not correctly identify (P < 0.05). Overall, the score for the groups was also significantly different, with the study group (group 1) having a lower olfactory perceptual ability (9.39 ± 2.87) than the control group (10.4 ± 2.19) (P < 0.05). Within the study group (group 1), men and women did not differ in total scores (P = 0.791). The authors noted that 19.6% of the study group was anosmic, compared with 10.2% in the controls. 27.5% of the study group were hyposmic, and 52.9% were normosmic. In the control group, 22.4% were hyposmic, and 67.3% were normosmic (P = 0.274, ?2 = 2.588). Conclusion: In our study, a decrease in total odor score was detected in greenhouse workers with allergic rhinitis, and this decrease did not correlate with working duration. Gases and pesticides encountered in greenhouse areas may also affect this olfactory decrease. Smoking also affected the total odor scores as they decreased. The use of protective masks and clothes may play a preventive role. © © 2025 by Mutaz B. Habal, MD.
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    Olfactory function in patients undergoing hemodialysis as assessed by Sniffin’ Sticks testing
    (Verduci Editore s.r.l, 2023) Kar, Murat; Altintaş, Mustafa; Bayar Muluk, Nuray; Cingi, Cemal
    OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated olfactory function in patients undergoing hemodialysis. The evaluation utilized the Sniffin’ Sticks test. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study enrolled 56 individuals undergoing hemodialysis for chronic renal failure alongside 54 healthy controls. The Sniffin’ Sticks battery was used to assess olfactory function in all subjects. The battery included 12 separately identifiable odors. A score below 6 was considered anosmia, whilst scores ranging from 7 to 10 were classed as hyposmia. A score of at least 11 indicated normal olfaction. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant difference in scores between the two groups. The hemodialysis patients scored 9.12±2.77 compared to 10.72±1.94 in the controls. In the hemodialysis patients, scores for males and females did not differ significantly. Furthermore, there was no correlation between score and age, sex or length of renal failure. Some 12.5% of hemodialysis patients were anosmic, whilst 50% were hyposmic. The corresponding rates in the control group were 7.4% and 20.4%. CONCLUSIONS: Undergoing hemodialysis is associated with a decreased total score on the Sniffin’ Sticks battery, with anosmia in 12.5% of patients and hyposmia in 50.0%. Thus, olfactory impairment is present in 62.5% of hemodialysis patients. According to previous research, renal transplantation results in an improved ability to smell, depending on how plastic the neurons involved in olfaction are. © 2023 Verduci Editore s.r.l. All rights reserved.