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    The Angiography Pattern of Buerger's Disease: Challenges and Recommendations
    (Mdpi, 2025) Fazeli, Bahare; Poredos, Pavel; Liew, Aaron; Stephen, Edwin; Bashar, Abul Hasan Muhammad; Kozak, Matija; Catalano, Mariella
    In 2023, the VAS international working group on Buerger's Disease (BD) recommended two diagnostic criteria based on a prior Delphi study: definitive and suspected. The definitive criteria are history of smoking, typical angiography, and typical histopathological features. All three features are mandatory to confirm a definitive diagnosis of BD. The conundrum is-what features should be considered typical of BD angiography? According to this review, segmental occlusion of infrapopliteal arteries, corkscrew collaterals that appear to continue the occluded arterial segment (Martorell's sign) or bypass the segmental occlusion, absence of atherosclerotic plaque or aneurysm could differentiate BD from ASO. Hence, for typical BD angiography, these manifestations should certainly be considered. However, data for differentiating angiography patterns of BD from the small- and medium-sized vasculitis including Behcet's disease, scleroderma, hepatitis associated vasculitis, and anti-phospholipid syndrome are limited. Further studies for investigating the angiography pattern in BD patients in early and late presentation of BD, particularly in the patients with long-term follow up, are highly recommended.