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A Systematic Review of Building Energy Management Systems (BEMSs): Sensors, IoT, and AI Integration
(Mdpi, 2025) Akbulut, Leyla; Tasdelen, Kubilay; Atilgan, Atilgan; Malinowski, Mateusz; Cosgun, Ahmet; Senol, Ramazan; Akbulut, Adem
The escalating global demand for energy-efficient and sustainable built environments has catalyzed the advancement of Building Energy Management Systems (BEMSs), particularly through their integration with cutting-edge technologies. This review presents a comprehensive and critical synthesis of the convergence between BEMSs and enabling tools such as the Internet of Things (IoT), wireless sensor networks (WSNs), and artificial intelligence (AI)-based decision-making architectures. Drawing upon 89 peer-reviewed publications spanning from 2019 to 2025, the study systematically categorizes recent developments in HVAC optimization, occupancy-driven lighting control, predictive maintenance, and fault detection systems. It further investigates the role of communication protocols (e.g., ZigBee, LoRaWAN), machine learning-based energy forecasting, and multi-agent control mechanisms within residential, commercial, and institutional building contexts. Findings across multiple case studies indicate that hybrid AI-IoT systems have achieved energy efficiency improvements ranging from 20% to 40%, depending on building typology and control granularity. Nevertheless, the widespread adoption of such intelligent BEMSs is hindered by critical challenges, including data security vulnerabilities, lack of standardized interoperability frameworks, and the complexity of integrating heterogeneous legacy infrastructure. Additionally, there remain pronounced gaps in the literature related to real-time adaptive control strategies, trust-aware federated learning, and seamless interoperability with smart grid platforms. By offering a rigorous and forward-looking review of current technologies and implementation barriers, this paper aims to serve as a strategic roadmap for researchers, system designers, and policymakers seeking to deploy the next generation of intelligent, sustainable, and scalable building energy management solutions.
Alternative Evaluation of Olive Pomace (Pirina) as Production Waste
(Middle Pomeranian Sci Soc Env Prot, 2021) Atilgan, Atilgan; Rolbiecki, Roman; Saltuk, Burak; Ertop, Hasan; Markovic, Monika
With the increasing need for energy, energy studies to be obtained from waste gain importance. In this study, it has been tried to determine the amount of biogas energy that can be obtained from olive pomace (pirina), which is produced by processing oil olives. Numerical maps of pirina amounts and potential biogas energy values and location maps of the proposed pirina processing plant were created. The necessary calculations were made by comparing the obtained results with the relevant literature information. In the study, the current potential biogas energy amount was calculated, maps were created and the electricity and gasoline energy equivalent levels of this energy were tried to be calculated using the 2015-2019 data of the Mediterranean, Aegean and Marmara Regions. The total potential amount of pirina in the research area is 1853375.7 tons and the potential biogas energy amount that can be obtained is 33360762.4 MJ. Pirina, which is the production waste after pressing the olives for oil, can be used for energy production. By using pirina to obtain biogas energy, both the utilization of pirina and the development of the regions will be provided.
An Investigation on the Energy Balance and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Orange Production in Turkey
(Mdpi, 2022) Saltuk, Burak; Jagosz, Barbara; Gokdogan, Osman; Rolbiecki, Roman; Atilgan, Atilgan; Rolbiecki, Stanislaw
In agricultural production, it is important to determine where input usage saving can be implemented by taking energy use into consideration and to analyze the greenhouse gas emissions of agricultural activities. This study has been conducted to review orange (Citrus sinensis L.) production in terms of energy balance and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This study was carried out during the 2015/2016 production season in Adana, a province in Turkey. Energy balance and GHG emissions have been defined by calculating the inputs and outputs of agricultural nature used in orange production. The findings of the study indicate that the distribution of energy inputs in orange production are 11,880 MJ ha(-1) (34.10%) of electricity, 10,079.75 MJ ha(-1) (28.93%) of chemical fertilizer energy, 7630 MJ ha(-1) (21.90%) of chemical energy, 3052 MJ ha(-1) (8.76%) of diesel fuel energy, 1348.91 MJ ha(-1) (3.87%) of human labor energy, 378 MJ ha(-1) (1.09%) of irrigation water energy, 351.22 MJ ha(-1) (1.01%) of machinery energy and 118.80 MJ ha(-1) (0.34%) of lime energy. In total, input energy (IE) in orange production has been calculated as 34,838.68 MJ ha(-1) and the output energy (OE) has been calculated as 95,000 MJ ha(-1). Energy use efficiency (EUE), specific energy (SE), energy productivity (EP) and net energy (NE) have been calculated as 2.73, 0.70 MJ kg(-1), 1.44 kg MJ(-1) and 60,161.32 MJ ha(-1), respectively. The total energy input in the production of oranges was divided into: 47.82% direct, 52.18% indirect, 4.96% from renewable sources and 95.04% from non-renewable sources. The GHG emissions figure for orange production was 3794.26 kg CO2-eq ha(-1), with electricity having the greatest share, 1983.96 (52.29%); the GHG ratio was 0.08 kg CO2-eq kg(-1). According to the results, the production of orange was considered to be profitable in terms of EUE.
Analysis of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Energy Consumption Depending on the Material and Construction Solutions and the Energy Carrier Used-A Case Study
(Mdpi, 2024) Nawalany, Grzegorz; Sokolowski, Pawel; Jakubowski, Tomasz; Atilgan, Atilgan
The article presents the results of research on the impact of material and construction solutions on energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions. Field research was conducted in an existing free-standing greenhouse located in southern Poland. The research period covered the entire calendar year. The measurement data were used in the next step to validate the computational model using the numerical method of elementary balances. The data distribution was also analyzed in terms of basic statistics. The validated and verified model was used in the further part of the analysis to conduct computer simulations for three variants, differing in terms of material and construction solutions. The variants included: no foundation insulation, extruded polystyrene (XPS) insulation and the use of single-chamber polycarbonate panels with thermal insulation of the foundations. The obtained results showed a high agreement between theoretical and real data (85-89% for the coefficient of determination (R2) and 84-88% for the GOF method). In the case of variant 1, which in terms of material and construction solutions corresponded to the actual construction of the greenhouse, it was found that the annual energy demand for heating purposes amounted to 153,234 kWh/year. In variant 2, in which additional thermal insulation relative to the zero state was used, the energy demand for heating purposes was lower and amounted to 147,704 kWh/year. The lowest heat load was characteristic of variant 3, in which 116,294 kWh/year was required to cover heating needs. The variant with polycarbonate and foundation insulation brought energy savings of 24% and a reduction of CO2 emissions by 24%. In addition, replacing fuel from hard coal with natural gas brought significant benefits, reducing pollutant emissions by 51%. The paper is a new approach to the use of the mentioned numerical method for the assessment of gaseous pollutant emissions in this type of building based on numerical simulations of energy consumption.
Assessment of the Crop Water Stress Index for Green Pepper Cultivation Under Different Irrigation Levels
(Mdpi, 2025) Boyaci, Sedat; Kociecka, Joanna; Kesicka, Barbara; Atilgan, Atilgan; Liberacki, Daniel
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different water levels on yield, morphological, and quality parameters, as well as the crop water stress index (CWSI), for pepper plants under a high tunnel greenhouse in a semi-arid region. For this purpose, the irrigation schedule used in this study includes 120%, 100%, 80%, and 60% (I120, I100, I80, and I60) of evaporation monitored gravimetrically. In this study, increasing irrigation levels (I100 and I120) resulted in increased stem diameter, plant height, fruit number, leaf number, and leaf area values. However, these values decreased as the water level dropped (I60 and I80). At the same time, increased irrigation resulted in improvements in fruit width, length, and weight, as well as a decrease in TSS values. While total yield and marketable yield values increased at the I120 water level, TWUE and MWUE were the highest at the I100 water level. I80 and I120 water levels were statistically in the same group. It was found that the application of I100 water level in the high tunnel greenhouse is the appropriate irrigation level in terms of morphology and quality parameters. However, in places with water scarcity, a moderate water deficit (I80) can be adopted instead of full (I100) or excessive irrigation (I120) in pepper cultivation in terms of water conservation. The experimental results reveal significant correlations between the parameters of green pepper yield and the CWSI. Therefore, a mean CWSI of 0.16 is recommended for irrigation level I100 for higher-quality yields. A mean CWSI of 0.22 is recommended for irrigation level I80 in areas where water is scarce. While increasing the CWSI values decreased the values of crop water consumption, leaf area index, total yield, marketable yield, total water use efficiency, and marketable water use efficiency, decreasing the CWSI increased these values. This study concluded that the CWSI can be effectively utilised in irrigation time planning under semi-arid climate conditions. With the advancement of technology, determining the CWSI using remote sensing-based methods and integrating it into greenhouse automation systems will become increasingly important in determining irrigation times.
Calculation of the Potential Biogas and Electricity Values of Animal Wastes: Turkey and Poland Case
(Mdpi, 2023) Ertop, Hasan; Atilgan, Atilgan; Kociecka, Joanna; Krakowiak-Bal, Anna; Liberacki, Daniel; Saltuk, Burak; Rolbiecki, Roman
This research aimed to analyze the potential amount of electrical energy from biogas energy obtained from animal wastes in Turkey and Poland. Animal waste values were calculated by taking into account the recommended literature values. In determining the biomass energy potential of livestock enterprises in Turkey and Poland, FAO's 2012-2021 data were taken into account. The animal breeds selected as material in this study were cattle, goat, sheep, chicken, duck, goose, turkey, horse, pig, mule and donkey. Considering 10-year calculations, the potential amount of biogas energy that can be obtained from animal wastes for Turkey is 28,845,975 GJ, which is equivalent to 8,105,058 MWh of electrical energy. In Poland, the potential amount of biogas energy that can be generated from animal waste is 13,999,612 GJ, which is equivalent to 3,902,020 MWh of electricity. Moreover, it is estimated that the percentage of the potential amount of electricity to be obtained in 2021 to cover the amount of electricity consumed is 0.303% for Turkey and 0.392% for Poland. For 2021, the amount of economic gains that can be from electricity obtained was also calculated, and it was determined that this value can be 78,650,302 Euro for Turkey and 62,182,435 Euro for Poland. At the same time, it was calculated that the electricity needs of 406,170 houses in Turkey and 171,958 houses in Poland can be met in 2021. As a result, it is thought that the potential electricity to be obtained will contribute to determining energy gains and investment plans for biogas plants.
Deficit Irrigation Stabilizes Fruit Yield and Alters Leaf Macro and Micronutrient Concentration in Tomato Cultivation in Greenhouses: A Case Study in Turkey
(Mdpi, 2022) Atilgan, Atilgan; Rolbiecki, Roman; Saltuk, Burak; Jagosz, Barbara; Arslan, Firat; Erdal, Ibrahim; Aktas, Hakan
Water is crucial for agriculture and needs to be used effectively due to climate change and drought in the Mediterranean region. For this reason, to adapt to water deficit scenarios, deficit irrigation applications are increasing in importance. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of varying levels of irrigation on growth parameters and concentration of nutrients in tomato plants grown under greenhouse conditions. The irrigation schedule used in this study was designed to include 100% (control), 90%, 80% and 70% of evaporation from the class-A pan. Water deficit was found to cause a stress effect in tomato plants, which was reflected in changes in the physiological function plants, such as flowering and early ripening. In addition, the SPAD values were examined, for which the lowest value of the green color intensity of the leaves was 47.3 (I3) and the highest was 48.7 (I4). However, the results of statistical analyses show that the difference was not significant. We also observed that the height values of tomato plants were the highest in the period of seedling and fruit ripening under full irrigation. Furthermore, analysis of the macronutrient content of tomato leaves showed that the obtained values were below the threshold values recommended for manganese. Based on these and similar studies, we believe that the application of water stress is most effective during the phases in which the plants are least affected. We believe that determining the periods during which tomato or any other crop is be affected by the least water stress will be more accurate for both plant development and economic production.
Defining Irrigation Scheduling Based on Crop Water Stress Index and Physiological Parameters for Hybrid Corn in Semi-Arid Climate
(Middle Pomeranian Sci Soc Env Prot, 2022) Ucak, Ali Beyhan; Saltuk, Burak; Rolbiecki, Roman; Atilgan, Atilgan
The goal of this study is to determine the crop water stress index (CWSI) and irrigation scheduling based on CWSI values, as well as to examine the correlations between CWSI, physiological parameters and grain yield of hybrid corn P31A34 in semi-arid climate conditions. In 2014 and 2015, the upper limit (UL) temperatures at which plants were entirely exposed to water stress were 1.178 & DEG;C and 2.38 & DEG;C, respectively. When the corn grain yield began to decline, the CWSI threshold value was 0.34, indicating the yield limit. Grain yield, crop water consumption, crop water stress index, chlorophyll content, water use efficiency and leaf area index were found to have negative correlations (p & LE; 0.01) with CWSI values in both years of the study. The findings revealed that in semi-arid climate conditions, a maximum of 30% water deficit could be used during the growing period of the corn compared to full irrigation (I100) for water savings and that a water deficit greater than 30% results in considerable grain yield losses. In areas with limited water resources, the moderate water deficit (I70) may be a viable alternative to the I100.
Derinkuyu dry bean irrigation planning in semi-arid climate by utilising crop water stress index values
(Polish Academy of Sciences Publishing House, 2023) Uçak, Ali Beyhan; Atilgan, Atilgan; Korytowski, Mariusz; Koci?cka, Joanna; Liberacki, Daniel; Stachowski, Piotr; Saltuk, Burak
This study was conducted to determine crop water stress index (CWSI) values and irrigation timing in the case of Derinkuyu dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). In 2017, dry beans were grown as the main crop according to the field design consisting of plots divided into randomised blocks. Irrigation treatment comprised full irrigation (I100) and irrigation issues with three different levels of water stress (I66, I33, I0). This study applied 602 mm of water under the I100 irrigation. The yield of Derinkuyu dry beans was equal to 3576.6 kg?ha–1 in I100 irrigation. The lower limit (LL) value, which is not necessary for the determination of CWSI, was obtained as the canopy–air temperature difference (Tc – Ta) versus the air vapour pressure deficit (VPD). The upper limit (UL) value, at which the dry beans were wholly exposed to water stress, was obtained at a constant temperature. The threshold CWSI value at which the grain yield of dry beans started to decrease was determined as 0.33 from the measurements made with an infrared thermometer before irrigation in I66 irrigation treatment. As a result, it can be suggested that irrigation should be applied when the CWSI value is 0.33 in dry beans. Furthermore, the correlation analysis revealed a negative correlation between grain yield and crop water stress index and a positive correlation between yield and chlorophyll content. According to variance analysis, significant relationships were found between the analysed parameters at p ? 0.01 and p ? 0.05. © 2023. The Authors.
Determination of global warming potential of dairy cattle farms
(Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, 2023) Atilgan, Atilgan; Rolbiecki, Roman; Ertop, Hasan; Kociecka, Joanna; Aksoy, Ercument; Saltuk, Burak
Dairy cattle's breeding is carried out intensively in the Eastern Anatolia Region (Turkey) and is a source of methane emissions. This study calculated global warming potentials arising from enteric fermentation and manure management of existing dairy cattle farms in this region between 2016 and 2020 using the tier-1 method defined by the IPCC. As a result, it has been found that the global warming potential of this region is 20,287.68 x 103 tons of CO2 in total. The total CH4 value in the research area was 966.08 x 103 tons. Furthermore, it has been determined that 98.02% of these emissions are enteric CH4, and 1.98% is CH4 originating from fertiliser management. Therefore, it is seen that enteric CH4 constitutes a large part of the total CH4 emissions. For this reason, CH4 emissions can be controlled by choosing silage feeds in feed selection and adding minerals and vitamins to silage feeds.
Determination of Performance of Different Pad Materials and Energy Consumption Values of Direct Evaporative Cooler
(Mdpi, 2024) Jakubowski, Tomasz; Boyaci, Sedat; Kociecka, Joanna; Atilgan, Atilgan
The purpose of this study is to determine the performances of luffa and greenhouse shading netting (which can be used as alternatives to commercial cellulose pads, that are popular for cooling greenhouses), the contribution of external shading to the evaporative cooling performance, and the energy consumption of the direct evaporative cooler. In this experiment, eight different applications were evaluated: natural ventilation (NV), natural ventilation combined with external shading net (NV + ESN), cellulose pad (CP), cellulose pad combined with external shading net (CP + ESN), luffa pad (LP), luffa pad combined with external shading net (LP + ESN), shading net pad (SNP), and shading net pad combined with external shading net (SNP + ESN). The cooling efficiencies of CP, CP + ESN, LP, LP + ESN, SNP, and SNP + ESN were found to be 37.6%, 45.0%, 38.9%, 41.2%, 24.4%, 29.1%, respectively. Moreover, their cooling capacities were 2.6 kW, 3.0 kW, 2.8 kW, 3.0 kW, 1.7 kW, 2.0 kW, respectively. The system water consumption values were 2.9, 3.1, 2.8, 3.2, 2.4, 2.4 l h-1, respectively. The performance coefficients of the system were determined to be 10.2, 12.1, 11.3, 11.9, 6.6, 7.8. The system's electricity consumption per unit area was 0.15 kWh m-2. As a result of the study, it was determined that commercially used cellulose pads have advantages over luffa and shading net materials. However, luffa pads can be a good alternative to cellulose pads, considering their local availability, initial cost, cooling efficiency, and capacity.
Determination of the Effect of a Thermal Curtain Used in a Greenhouse on the Indoor Climate and Energy Savings
(Mdpi, 2023) Boyaci, Sedat; Atilgan, Atilgan; Kociecka, Joanna; Liberacki, Daniel; Rolbiecki, Roman; Jagosz, Barbara
In order to reduce the impact of outdoor extreme weather events on crop production in winter, energy saving in greenhouses that are regularly heated is of great importance in reducing production costs and carbon footprints. For this purpose, the variations in indoor temperature, relative humidity and dew point temperature in the vertical direction (2 m, 4 m, 5.7 m) of thermal curtains in greenhouses were determined. In addition, depending on the fuel used, the curtains' effects on heat energy consumption, heat transfer coefficient, carbon dioxide equivalents released to the atmosphere and fuel cost were investigated. To reach this goal, two greenhouses with the same structural features were designed with and without thermal curtains. As a result of the study, the indoor temperature and relative humidity values in the greenhouse with a thermal curtain increased by 1.3 degrees C and 10% compared to the greenhouse without a thermal curtain. Thermal curtains in the greenhouse significantly reduced fuel use (59.14-74.11 m3 center dot night-1). Considering the heat energy consumption, the average heat energy consumption was 453.7 kWh center dot night-1 in the greenhouse with a curtain, while it was 568.6 kWh center dot night-1 in the greenhouse without a curtain. The average heat transfer coefficient (U) values were calculated at 2.87 W center dot m-2 degrees C with a thermal curtain and 3.63 W center dot m-2 degrees C without a thermal curtain greenhouse. In the greenhouse, closing the thermal curtain at night resulted in heat energy savings of about 21%, related to the decrease in U values. The use of a thermal curtain in the greenhouse reduced the amount of CO2 released to the atmosphere (116.6-146.1 kg center dot night-1) and fuel cost (USD 21.3-26.7 center dot night-1). To conclude, extreme weather events in the outdoor environment adversely affect the plants grown in greenhouses where cultivation is performed out of season. A thermal curtain, used to reduce these adverse effects and the amount of energy consumed, is essential in improving indoor climate conditions, providing more economical greenhouse management and reducing the CO2 released into the atmosphere due to fuel use.
Determination of the Effects of Different Irrigation Levels and Vermicompost Doses on Water Consumption and Yield of Greenhouse-Grown Tomato
(Mdpi, 2024) Boyaci, Sedat; Kociecka, Joanna; Atilgan, Atilgan; Niemiec, Marcin; Liberacki, Daniel; Rolbiecki, Roman
This study was conducted in pots under a polycarbonate greenhouse to determine the effects of different irrigation levels and vermicompost doses on the morphological and phenological characteristics, water consumption, water use efficiency, and yield parameters of tomato plants. For this purpose, different irrigation levels of 100%, 75%, 50% (I100: full irrigation, I75, I50) and vermicompost (VC) doses of 0, 10% and 20% (VC0, VC10 and VC20, w/w) were applied as the treatments. The study's results determined the irrigation levels and vermicompost doses affected the tomato plants' morphological and fruit quality parameters. The highest and lowest plant water consumption (ET) values for the treatments were determined as 47.8 L (I100VC10) and 21.2 L (I50VC0), respectively. Moreover, irrigation water levels and vermicompost doses significantly influenced the total yield of tomatoes. The highest and lowest total and marketable yields were obtained from the I100VC20 and I50VC0 irrigation levels and vermicompost doses. Similarly, the highest and lowest total water use efficiencies were achieved from the I100VC20 (21.9 g L-1) and I50VC0 (11.0 g L-1) treatments. Furthermore, the highest and lowest marketable water use efficiencies were obtained from the I100VC20 (21.9 g L-1) and I50VC0 (7.8 g L-1) treatments. The yield response factor (ky) was found to be 1.42. Although the highest efficiency was achieved from 100% full irrigation and a 20% vermicompost dose in the study, it is suggested that 75% irrigation level and 10% fertilizer doses can also be applied in places where water is limited and fertilizer is expensive. The results revealed that the appropriate irrigation level and vermicompost doses could reliably be used to enhance tomato yield.
Determination of the Vertical Distribution Pattern of Indoor Climate Parameters in the Greenhouse Heated in the Winter Period
(Middle Pomeranian Sci Soc Env Prot, 2023) Boyac, Sedat; Baspinar, Ayse; Atilgan, Atilgan; Rolbiecki, Roman
Ensuring the homogeneity of the indoor climate throughout the greenhouse is very important for uniform plant cultivation. In the study carried out to determine the indoor climate distribution in the heated greenhouse in the terrestrial climate, indoor temperature, relative humidity, dew point and vapour pressure deficit values were measured from 8 different measurement points. The distribution pattern of the measurement points was made horizontally and vertically at 2, 4 and 6 meters. Sensor placements are grouped vertically at 2 meters (G1: S1, S2 S3), at 4 meters (G2: S4, S5, S6) and at 6 meters (G3: S7, S8). Measurements taken during the day are divided into three parts. The climatic changes in the greenhouse were monitored as daily (00:00-23:30), daytime (08:30-17:30) and night (18:00-08:00) hours. According to the results obtained from the research, it was determined that the indoor climate parameters in the greenhouse change during the average daily, daytime and night hours at different times of the day and at different locations. According to this, it has been determined that it is important for better regulation of the greenhouse climate by monitoring the changes in the plant level as it rises from the greenhouse floor to the ridge with multiple sensors instead of a single sensor.
Economic Efficiency of Renewable Energy Investments in Photovoltaic Projects: A Regression Analysis
(Mdpi, 2025) Akbulut, Adem; Niemiec, Marcin; Tasdelen, Kubilay; Akbulut, Leyla; Komorowska, Monika; Atilgan, Atilgan; Cosgun, Ahmet
Energy Performance Contracts (EPC) are performance-based financing mechanisms designed to improve energy efficiency and support renewable energy adoption in the public sector. This study examines the economic efficiency of a 1710.72 kWp solar power plant (SPP), implemented under an EPC at Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, using a regression-based analysis. The model evaluates the effects of solar radiation, investment cost, and electricity sales price on unit production cost, and its predictions were compared with actual production data. Results show the system exceeded the EPC contract target by 16.2%, producing 2,423,472.28 kWh in its first year and preventing 1168.64 tons of CO2 emissions. The developed multiple linear regression model achieved a predictive error margin of 14.7%, confirming its validity. This study highlights the technical, economic, and environmental benefits of EPC applications in T & uuml;rkiye's public institutions and offers a practical decision-support framework for policymakers. The novelty lies in integrating a regression model with operational data and providing a comparative assessment of planned, predicted, and actual outcomes.
Effect of stimulation with variable magnetic field of wheat seeds for various technological purposes
(Wydawnictwo Sigma-Not Sp Zoo, 2022) Jakubowski, Tomasz; Syrotyuk, Serhiy; Lopushniak, Vasyl; Atilgan, Atilgan
The aim of the study was to determine the reaction of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seeds for various technological purposes to a variable magnetic field. In the experiment, a stand with the RC OSCILLATOR TYPE G502 system generating sinusoidal and square signals with frequencies in the range of 0-100 Hz was used. The magnitude of the magnetic field induction was used: 10, 40 and 70 mT and the seed exposure time: 10, 600 and 1800 s. A significant influence of the alternating magnetic field on some ontogenetic parameters of plants was demonstrated.
EFFECTS OF VERMICOMPOST APPLICATION ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF HOT PEPPER (CAPSICUM FRUTESCENS)
(Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, 2024) Atilgan, Atilgan; Arslan, Fırat; Saltuk, Burak; Koci?cka, Joanna; Jotautiené, Eglè; Juostas, Antanas
In parallel with the increase in the world population, healthy nutrition becomes more important for people every day. However, Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) are also gaining importance. The main goal of our study is to reduce the level of inorganic fertilizer use. The experimental area where the study was conducted is located at 36° 31' 21'' north latitude and 32° 05' 07'' east longitude. In this study, 2 m high, 12 m long and 3 m wide plastic greenhouses with arc roofs were used. The greenhouses are naturally ventilated, unheated tunnel type greenhouses. UV-added plastic cover material was used as the cover material in the greenhouse. Hot pepper was chosen as the material. In the research, the development parameters of the hot pepper plant were examined by using different doses of one organic and one inorganic fertilizer type. Vermicompost (VC) was applied at a rate of 2,500 and 5,000 kg per hectare and inorganic fertilizer was used at a rate of 60-100-160 and 30-50-80 kg per hectare. Nine applications were carried out, including different doses of these two fertilizers, their combined use, and a control group. Plant heights, SPAD (Spectrum Authorized Dealer) values, plant diameters and yield values were measured weekly from the date the seedlings were planted in the experimental greenhouses until the end of harvest. The parameters found to be important in the variance analysis results of the data obtained from the trial subjects were compared with the Student's t test, and the application groups were determined and interpreted statistically. As a result, the effects of VC and inorganic fertilizer values on the development parameters and yield values of the pepper plant were determined. It has been determined that the plant growth parameters and productivity are higher, especially when 5000 kg of organic fertilizer and 5000+60-100-160 mixed fertilizer are used per hectare. Therefore, good agricultural practices include reducing the use of inorganic fertilizers. © 2024 Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. All rights reserved.
Energy Efficiency in Greenhouses and Comparison of Energy Sources Used for Heating
(Mdpi, 2025) Boyaci, Sedat; Kociecka, Joanna; Jagosz, Barbara; Atilgan, Atilgan
Sustainability in greenhouse farming, one of the areas where the most energy is needed in the agricultural sector, can be achieved by increasing energy efficiency. Due to increasing energy costs in T & uuml;rkiye and worldwide, increasing energy efficiency in greenhouses is seen as possible using renewable energy sources that do not produce waste instead of fossil energy sources. This study determined the heat-energy demand in the provinces of T & uuml;rkiye with continental (K & imath;r & scedil;ehir and K & uuml;tahya) and Mediterranean (Antalya and Mersin) climates. For this purpose, the heat-energy requirement was calculated for greenhouse types with three different insulation properties (S-1: roof and side walls polyethylene, S-2: roof polyethylene, side walls polycarbonate, and S-3: roof polyethylene, side walls polycarbonate, and thermal curtain). Then, the amount and cost of fossil (coal, fuel oil, and natural gas) and renewable energy sources (geothermal and biogas) to be used in obtaining this energy, the heating cost for unit tomato yield, and the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) released into the atmosphere were compared. According to the results obtained, the highest heat-energy requirement was 356.5 kWh m(-2) year(-1) in the S-1 greenhouse in the K & uuml;tahya province, and the lowest was 46.3 kWh m(-2) year(-1) in the S-3 greenhouse in the Mersin province. Depending on energy conservation, 6% of energy savings can be achieved in S-2 and 29% in S-3 compared to S-1. The highest heating cost for producing one kilogram of tomatoes was 0.70 USD kg(-1) in fuel oil and K & uuml;tahya province (S-1). The lowest was calculated as 0.06 USD kg(-1) in geothermally heated greenhouses in K & imath;r & scedil;ehir and K & uuml;tahya provinces (S-3). The highest CO2 to be released into the atmosphere with fuels was equal to 253.1 kg m(-2) year(-1) in coal fuel in K & uuml;tahya province (S-1). The lowest was calculated as 1.1 kg m(-2) year(-1) in geothermally heated greenhouses in K & imath;r & scedil;ehir and K & uuml;tahya provinces (S-3). The results of this research can be used to develop feasibility studies for greenhouse companies, greenhouse sector policies, policymakers, environmental protection, and taking precautions against the climate crisis.
Energy Potential of Greenhouse Plant Residue: The Cases of Turkey and Poland
(Mdpi, 2025) Atilgan, Atilgan; Boyaci, Sedat; Famielec, Stanislaw; Krakowiak-Bal, Anna; Ziemianczyk, Urszula; Kociecka, Joanna; Kurpaska, Slawomir
The search for waste management opportunities is crucial for achieving environmentally friendly waste practices and ensuring the country's energy security. This research aimed to valorize biomass and waste generated in greenhouses and to analyze the potential for electricity production from this waste. The analyses compared the situations in Turkey and Poland, where greenhouse production of vegetables is developing and constitutes an important link in agricultural activities, despite differences in climatic conditions. The cultivation of vegetables and flowers under cover is rapidly expanding in both countries and, with changing climatic conditions, is expected to shape the future of agriculture. In addition to estimating the energy that can be obtained, the study also evaluated the economic benefits of such a solution and the volume of avoided CO2 emissions from fossil fuels. The issue of utilizing these wastes is significant because current methods of their management do not lead to energy production, so their considerable energy potential is wasted, as highlighted in this study. Moreover, there is a lack of similar studies in the literature. The plant species chosen as materials in this study were tomatoes, peppers, eggplant, watermelon, and melon in the case of Turkey. For Poland, the analysis was conducted for tomatoes and greenhouse cucumbers. These crops represent the largest cultivated areas under cover in the respective countries. Results indicated that the average yearly amount of vegetable residue is approximately 463 thousand Mg in Turkey, and 77 thousand Mg in Poland. The estimated annual electricity potential is 430 GWh in Turkey and 80 GWh in Poland. Considering the efficiency of power generation in a typical power plant, the real amount of electricity to be obtained is 0.46 MWh per Mg of waste in Turkey and 0.52 MWh in Poland.
Environment- and Genotype-Dependent Irrigation Effect on Soybean Grain Yield and Grain Quality
(Mdpi, 2023) Kocar, Maja Matosa; Josipovic, Marko; Sudaric, Aleksandra; Plavsic, Hrvoje; Berakovic, Ivica; Atilgan, Atilgan; Markovic, Monika
This four-year study with four elite soybean lines with different maturities was conducted to investigate the impact of deficit (a field water capacity, or FWC, of 60%) and full irrigation (an FWC of 80-100%) on soybean grain yield and grain quality (grain protein and oil contents and crude protein and oil yields), depending on the environmental conditions and genotype. Overall, the irrigation effect was positive for the grain yield and grain protein content but negative for the grain oil content. The differences between the full and deficit irrigation were only 2.9% for the grain yield, 2.8% for the crude protein yield and 1.7% for the crude oil yield. The results indicate that deficit irrigation could be the best option for optimizing soybean production in environments similar to the tested one. In such conditions, further rationalization of soybean production could be achieved by choosing the C2 genotype (0 maturity group), which, combined with deficit irrigation, had the highest grain, crude protein and crude oil yields.

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