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    Comparison of Irrigation Management in Water User Associations of Italy, Spain and Turkey Using Benchmarking Techniques
    (Springer, 2023) Arslan, Firat; Corcoles Tendero, Juan Ignacio; Rodriguez Diaz, Juan Antonio; Zema, Demetrio Antonio
    This study analyses the collective management of irrigation water in 42 WUAs operating in agricultural regions of Italy, Spain and Turkey. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Agglomerative Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (AHCA) are used for benchmarking the technical and financial performance of the WUAs. The analysis shows that the Spanish WUAs, which have less staff (-90%) and higher revenue collection (-53%), perform better than the WUAs of the other two countries. PCA and AHCA indicate that the technical and financial performance of the Turkish and some Spanish WUAs are similar. The Italian and Turkish associations have very large irrigation areas, and WUAs, which may be one of the reasons for the poor management in some organization areas of these countries. Specifically, Italy has excessive Management, Operation and Maintenance costs (up to 1500 is an element of/ha-yr) and large staff numbers (5 persons per 100 ha of irrigated area), while Turkey has high water waste (up to 15000 m(3)/ha-yr) and insufficient revenue collection (about 60%). Based on the benchmarking results, recommendations are made, to improve the water use and financial performance of the Italian and Turkish WUAs.
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    Deficit Irrigation Stabilizes Fruit Yield and Alters Leaf Macro and Micronutrient Concentration in Tomato Cultivation in Greenhouses: A Case Study in Turkey
    (Mdpi, 2022) Atilgan, Atilgan; Rolbiecki, Roman; Saltuk, Burak; Jagosz, Barbara; Arslan, Firat; Erdal, Ibrahim; Aktas, Hakan
    Water is crucial for agriculture and needs to be used effectively due to climate change and drought in the Mediterranean region. For this reason, to adapt to water deficit scenarios, deficit irrigation applications are increasing in importance. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of varying levels of irrigation on growth parameters and concentration of nutrients in tomato plants grown under greenhouse conditions. The irrigation schedule used in this study was designed to include 100% (control), 90%, 80% and 70% of evaporation from the class-A pan. Water deficit was found to cause a stress effect in tomato plants, which was reflected in changes in the physiological function plants, such as flowering and early ripening. In addition, the SPAD values were examined, for which the lowest value of the green color intensity of the leaves was 47.3 (I3) and the highest was 48.7 (I4). However, the results of statistical analyses show that the difference was not significant. We also observed that the height values of tomato plants were the highest in the period of seedling and fruit ripening under full irrigation. Furthermore, analysis of the macronutrient content of tomato leaves showed that the obtained values were below the threshold values recommended for manganese. Based on these and similar studies, we believe that the application of water stress is most effective during the phases in which the plants are least affected. We believe that determining the periods during which tomato or any other crop is be affected by the least water stress will be more accurate for both plant development and economic production.
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    Eğimli Alanlarda Arazi Parçalanması ve Parsel Şekillerinin Mekânsal Analizi: Yozgat Boğazlıyan Güveçli Mahallesi Örneği
    (Lütfiye KUŞAK, 2025) Değirmenci, Hasan; Arslan, Firat
    Bu çalışmanın amacı, coğrafi bilgi sistemlerini kullanarak eğimli bir alanda yapılan arazi toplulaştırma projesini değerlendirmektir. Bu kapsamda Yozgat İli Boğazlıyan İlçesi Güveçli Mahallesi arazi toplulaştırma proje alanı materyal olarak seçilmiştir. Değerlendirmede coğrafi bilgi sistemi programlarından ArcMAP, ArcScene ve Google Earth Pro kullanılmıştır. Eğimli arazilerin 3 boyutlu haritaları oluşturularak eşyükselti eğri haritaları ile desteklenmiştir. Ayrıca güneşlenme süresini etkileyen bakı haritaları yapılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda küçük ölçekli parsellerin (0-5 da) yoğunlukta olduğu ve bunların bir kısmının eğimli alanlarda olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Ayrıca küçük ölçekli parsellerin çoğunluğunun kuzey bakılı olduğu saptanmıştır. Sonuç olarak eğimli alanlarda erozyon riski bulunduğundan gerekli toprak işleme koruma önlemlerinin alınması gerektiği belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca bakısı kuzey olan küçük işletmelerin gelir düzeylerinin yükseltilmesi için güneye bakısı olan alanlara taşınması önem taşımaktadır.
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    Evaluation of Performance in Collective Irrigation Agencies: A Systematic Review and a Meta-Analysis
    (Wiley, 2025) Vafaei, Elahe; Arslan, Firat; Lucas-borja, Manuel Esteban; Ahangarkolaee, Saeed Shahabi; Zema, Demetrio Antonio; Zimbone, Santo Marcello
    This study has carried out a comprehensive review of 51 studies using the original set of performance indicators (PIs) proposed by Malano and Burton in 2001, in order to evaluate the performance of collective irrigation agencies (CIAs) on a global scale. Bibliographic analysis has revealed a concentration of papers in semi-arid areas, especially in Spain and Turkey. The meta-analysis allowed a comprehensive diagnosis of CIAs operating in four countries (Italy, Malaysia, Spain and Turkey). The good performance of the CIAs was clearly associated with the following factors: satisfactory coverage of irrigation services, water delivery efficiency, financial self-sufficiency, capacity of fee collection and economic production. These factors included responses to smaller command areas, the prevalence of on-demand water distribution methods and water-conveying systems in pressured pipelines, and the significant presence of farm drip systems. In contrast, the poorly performing CIAs presented poor irrigation service coverage and an excessive water supply to crops and personnel staff. These issues led to insufficient system operations as well as to poor economic performance, due to low financial self-sufficiency, capacity of fee collection, economic production and high maintenance, operation and management costs.
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    Evaluation of some Water, Energy and Financial Indicators: A Case Study of Esenli Water User Association in Yozgat, Turkiye
    (Galenos Publ House, 2023) Kartal, Sinan; Degirmenci, Hasan; Arslan, Firat; Gizlenci, Ismail
    Energy is one of the most important inputs for pressurized irrigation systems in the world's agriculture sector. As in all areas of life, energy used in irrigation has become an important research subject for researchers. In studies performed with performance indicators in Turkiye, the use of energy indicators is limited. The scarcity of energy resources makes the efficiency of energy used in irrigation schemes extremely important. This study evaluated the performance of a pressurized irrigation scheme with water, energy and financial indicators in Yozgat. The data obtained were compared with other countries in the Mediterranean region. As a result, it was concluded that, on average, the irrigation rate was 39%, annual irrigation water supply per unit irrigated area was 8229 m3 ha-1, specific energy was 0.33 kWh m-3, energy consumed per unit irrigated was 2671 kWh ha-1, total maintenance, operation and management cost per unit irrigation water supply was 403 euro ha-1 in the years (2008-2017) when the study was conducted. The finding showed that the specific energy value was about three times lower than in other countries. However, when the energy consumed per unit in the irrigated area was examined, it was found that the irrigation scheme has a high consumption of energy.
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    Geospatial and geostatistical analysis of land fragmentation and parcel shape indicators for sustainable farm structure in land consolidation
    (Elsevier, 2026) Arslan, Firat; Degirmenci, Hasan
    Land consolidation (LC) is one of the key implementations to improve farm structure by enhancing parcel shape and reducing land fragmentation. Many researchers have developed indicators to measure parcel shape deformation and land fragmentation levels; however, these indicators often lack consistency for assessing land consolidation projects. In this study, we demonstrate that our newly developed New Parcel Shape Index (NSI) and New Land Fragmentation Index (NLFI) are more effective for assessing land consolidation projects. Geospatial and geostatistical analyses were applied to calculate the new indicators using ArcGIS-ArcMAP, with Excel utilised for calculating and comparing other indicators. To test these analyses, the cadastral data and reports of the T & uuml;rkiye Malatya Province Arguvan District Tatk & imath;nl & imath;k Village Land Consolidation project were used as material. As a result, it was observed that parcels with NSI values approaching 1 were close to a rectangular shape, while those deviating from an NSI value of 1 exhibited deformation. Other shape indices were found to perform poorly in parcel shape analysis. In measuring the level of land fragmentation, farms with small NLFI values were observed to be less fragmented than those with large NLFI values. Other land fragmentation indexes showed poor performance compared to NLFI. As a result, NSI is recommended for shape analysis, and NLFI is recommended for assessing land fragmentation. These indices can be utilised in before and after LC evaluations or in determining priority LC areas.
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    Investigation of Parcel and Line Densities in Land Consolidation Projects
    (Univ Namik Kemal, 2024) Arslan, Firat; Degirmenci, Hasan
    Land consolidation can be considered as a rural revitalization project encompassing the aggregation of fragmented parcels, the creation of agricultural parcels suitable for farming, the organization of rural roads, and the establishment of irrigation and drainage systems, alongside the provision of sociocultural facilities. These evaluation methods can assist policymakers, land administrators, and decision-makers, especially considering the rapid progress of land consolidation projects in T & uuml;rkiye, in improving these projects that require high costs and significant efforts.In the monitoring and evaluation of land consolidation projects, numerous researchers have developed methods.In land consolidation projects, among the project objectives are achieving the optimal parcel size due to the growth of enterprise and providing road services to all parcels.Research in the literature is still lacking in terms of evaluating the distances of parcels from the village centre and the densities of the rural roads constructed in land consolidation projects, in addition to the optimal parcel size. The use of geographic information systems (GIS) can be valuable in the evaluation of land consolidation projects, as GIS-generated maps not only aid in assessment but also provide easily understandable interpretations.The aim of this study is to examine road lengths before and after a land consolidation project, as well as the spatial changes of parcels, using geographic information systems. The cadastral data of Tatk & imath;nl & imath;k Village in Arguvan District of Malatya Province constitute the main material of the research. In line with this objective, geospatial analyses were conducted using Kernel Density and Line Density tools. The ArcMAP program's Model Builder Tool was employed to process the data obtained from NetCAD. As a result of the research, itwas observed that road density increased in areas where parcel sizes decreased. The regions with the highest parcel and road density are situated around the village centre. In addition to the optimal size of agricultural operations, the distance to the village centre also affects fuel expenses. Therefore, the aggregation of small-scale parcels around the village centre can be considered one of the indicators of success for land consolidation projects. Density analyses can assist decision-makers in evaluating, interpreting, and determining priority land consolidation areas.Additionally, the indicators for road lengths developed in this study can be utilized in studies conducted on road lengths.
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    Problems in Avocado Farming and Solutions: The Case of Alanya, Türkiye
    (Aydın Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi, 2025) Evdilek, Ali; Arslan, Firat
    The study aims to evaluate the problems faced by avocado producers in Alanya and propose solutions using the SWOT analysis method. The study's materials include interviews with the Alanya District Directorate of Agriculture, the directorate Water User Association of the 134th Regional Directorate of State Hydraulic Works, the Chamber of Agriculture, the Avocado Association, and various agricultural firms. The results of the SWOT analysis reveal that Alanya possesses significant advantages for avocado production, such as favourable climate conditions, high demand for avocados, low production costs, and the use of quality seedlings. Additionally, the education of producers and the high yield of avocados are identified as factors that enhance production efficiency. However, weaknesses such as the need for organization, early harvest issues, urbanization, and uncertified seedling practices negatively impact production quality and efficiency. Insufficient agricultural analyses and irrigation pricing issues are also significant challenges. On the other hand, opportunities such as high supply, export possibilities to European and Russian markets, industrial usage options, and the expansion of the domestic market have the potential to increase the economic gains of producers. Providing necessary training and developing new varieties can further improve production quality and efficiency. Threats such as lack of education in agricultural activities, financial concerns, neglect of plant water consumption, and improper irrigation methods adversely affect production efficiency and quality. External threats, including climate change, theft, water quality issues, and uncontrolled production increases during the pandemic, are also significant risks faced by avocado producers. Measures to address these threats are crucial for the sustainability of avocado production.
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    Production-water user association performance nexus in mediterranean irrigated agriculture: The case of banana in Türkiye
    (Elsevier, 2024) Arslan, Firat
    In this study, the relationship between the increasing banana production in the Mediterranean region of Turkiye and the performance of Water User Associations (WUAs) is investigated. The increase in banana production due to economic incentives and nutrient demand has triggered a complex nexus of challenges and opportunities in the context of water resource management. The effect of banana production areas on performance of WUAs has not been studied in the region in terms of statistical evaluation. Principle component analysis sheds light on several critical dimensions, including irrigation water use, methods, management, operation and maintenance costs, production value, and water supply ratio, all of which are affected by the expansion of banana cultivation. The findings underline the urgency of adaptive strategies and sustainable practices within the scope of WUAs to meet the growing demand for irrigation water, promote water-efficient technologies, and mitigate economic and environmental consequences. As a result of the research, it has been observed that increasing banana production areas ensures more efficient use of water, improves performances related to production value, and reduces operating, maintenance, and management costs per unit service area.
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    Sustainability of collective irrigation under water competition between agriculture and civil uses: The case study of Alanya Water Users Association (Türkiye)
    (Elsevier, 2024) Arslan, Firat; Alcon, Francisco; Kartal, Sinan; Erdogan, Kubilay; Zema, Demetrio Antonio
    This study explores the patterns of sustainable use and management of competing water sectors in the Alanya Water Users Association (WUA) in Southern T & uuml;rkiye, over eight years (2013-2020) before the SARS-CoV-19 pandemic, focusing on the impacts of the recorded huge growth of tourism. Performance indicators of collective irrigation services are used to identify performance patterns and trends over time. The analysis has revealed a notable increase in water consumption for agricultural activities (+30 %), driven by the cultivation of tropical fruits, without a proportional rise in crop production. Concurrently, effective financial management is observed in the WUA, with a consistent reduction in unit Management, Operation and Maintenance costs (-40-70 %). Additionally, the total water demand has surged (+100 %) due to population growth and tourist flux. However, this increase has tensioned water delivery to crops, indicating higher pressures over water availability for all uses. The study has identified three distinct patterns in the technical, financial, and socio-economic performance of the WUA, particularly highlighting the last four years of increased water usage and the disruption caused by the SARS-CoV-19 pandemic in 2020. Despite the current adequacy of water resources, optimized strategies for water management are advocated to address anticipated demographic growth, the introduction of tropical crops and the environmental impacts of climate change.
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    The effects of land consolidation projects on pressurized irrigation system design and the cost: A case study from Türkiye
    (European Regional Centre Ecohydrology Polish Acad Sciences, 2024) Arslan, Firat; Sawassi, Aymen; Derardja, Bilal; Degirmenci, Hasan; Lamaddalena, Nicola
    Land consolidation projects (LCP) has been applied in various countries to decrease land fragmentation, to give field road and to create more appropriate regular parcel shapes besides many benefits to farmers. Moreover, LCP help to decrease the cost of irrigation system establishment. T & uuml;rkiye aims to modernize open irrigation systems into pressurized systems with LCPs to save water due to climate change and global warming. However, previously published studies on the effect of LCP on designing pressurized irrigation network are not adequate. In this study, Eymir Village LCP in T & uuml;rkiye was chosen as the material to investigate how can LCP affect the cost of the establishment of a pressurized irrigation system. In this context, two similation of irrigation systems are designed with help of geographic information systems (GIS) and are analyzed by COPAM (Combined Optimization and Performance Analysis Model) to optimize the hydraulic performance. Results show that land consolidation proved to be an effective tool to solve spatial problems related to improving the irrigation systems, technical problems related to the performance of the networks, and the equity of services (guaranteeing 98% satisfaction of users). And, it has the most important effect on the economic feasibility of pressurized irrigation network establishment whose cost can be decreased by 13.6% by LCP.