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    Determination and classification of cutaneous innervation of the dorsum of the foot in foetal cadavers
    (Via Medica, 2018) Candan, Büşra; Albay, Soner
    Background: The aim of this study is to determine cutaneous innervation of the dorsum of the foot on foetal cadavers. Materials and methods: In this study. 200 limbs from 100 embalmed foetuses (54 males and 46 females) were studied in Anatomy Laboratory. Contributions of medial, lateral and intermediate dorsal cutaneous nerves (MDCN, LDCN and IDCN) of the foot were identified. Results: Cutaneous innervation of the dorsum of the foot was classified into five types. Type I (75%) where MDCN innervated medial border of the foot and second interdigital cleft; IDCN innervated third, fourth and fifth interdigital clefts; and LDCN innervated the lateral border of the foot. Type II (21%) where MDCN innervated medial border of the foot, second and third interdigital clefts; IDCN innervated fourth and fifth interdigital clefts; and LDCN innervated the lateral border of the foot. Type III (1.5%) where saphenous nerve innervated medial border of the foot; MDCN innervated second and third interdigital clefts; IDCN innervated fourth and fifth interdigital clefts; and LDCN innervated the lateral border of the foot. Type IV (1.5%) was similar to type I, with an extra connection between the MDCN and IDCN on the dorsum of the foot. Type V (1%) where superficial fibular nerve innervated medial border of the foot, and second, third and fourth interdigital clefts; and sural nerve innervated fifth interdigital cleft and lateral border of the foot. Conclusions: The present study provides a new classification for the cutaneous innervation of the dorsum of the foot.
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    Entry points of the terminal motor branches of common fibular nerve in fetuses
    (2019) Candan, Büşra; Albay, Soner
    Objective The aim of this study was to describe the course of the common fibular nerve and its terminal branches with a special emphasis on the entry points of the motor branches on fetal cadavers. Material and Methods In this study, 200 limbs from 100 embalmed fetuses (54 males and 46 females) were studied. Location and the entry points of the motor of terminal branches of common fibular nerve were observed via dissection. The distances from bifurcation of common fibular nerve to the lateral epicondyle and lateral malleolus were measured. Distances between the entry points of the motor branches of the anterior and lateral muscles of the leg and lateral malleolus were measured. Furthermore, we examined the course of the superficial fibular nerve and measured the distance between the bifurcation level of superficial fibular nerve and the lateral malleolus.esults We found that all parameters were increased with age during the fetal period (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between genders for any parameter (p>0.05). The difference in the number of the entry points of the motor branches among the anterior and lateral muscles of the leg was statistically significant. Superficial fibular nerve coursed only in the lateral compartment of the leg in 77.5% of the cases, and both in the anterior and lateral compartments in 22.5%. Conclusion The present study has revealed the course of common fibular nerve and location of the entry points of the motor branches of its branches during the fetal period. Hopefully, the present study will provide useful base for further studies.
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    Variations of Formation, Distribution and Communications of Median Nerve in Fetal Cadavers
    (2021) Öztürk, Kenan; Candan, Büşra; Dursun, Ahmet; Kastamoni, Yadigar; Tunalı, Selçuk; Albay, Soner
    Objective: Variations of the median nerve (MN) are important for clinical and surgical approaches. In this study, it was aimed to determine the formation, distribution and communication of the MN in fetal cadavers.Material and Method: This study was carried out on 80 upper extremities obtained from 40 spontaneously aborted human fetuses (22 females, 18 males) aged between 18 and 40 weeks. Median, ulnar and musculocutaneous nerve (MSCN) and their branches were identified and distribution of their branches was determined. The distribution, formation and communications of the MN were examined. Results: In this study, it was seen that the MN was composed of three roots in the 6 (7.5%) of 80 upper limbs. It was also found that the MN innervated the flexor muscles of the arm in two extremities despite MSCN was present (2.5%). It has also been determined that the MN innervated the flexor muscles of the arm in one extremity where MSCN was absent (1.25%). In addition, communications between the MSCN and the MN was detected in 3 (3.75%) extremities. Finally, in our study, Martin-Gruber communication was found 3.75% while Marinacci communication was not determined. Conclusions: This study identified variations and communications of the MN by means of fetal cadaveric dissection. These variations will adversely affect the correct diagnosis and treatment planning in upper extremity injuries. Therefore, precise knowledge of the variations and communications of the MN will be useful for surgeons to avoid iatrogenic injuries during surgical interventions in this region.