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    Does tourism source market structure affect international etc
    (Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2023) Agazade, Seymur
    This paper calculates tourism source market structure indicators and investigates their impact on the international tourism demand for Antalya of Turkey. Tourism source market structure may influence tourism demand depending on its consequences regarding competitiveness and risk structure. To determine this influence, this paper estimates tourism demand functions within the framework of the two-stage system generalized method of moments (GMM). The tourism source market structure variables were calculated by considering the number of tourists by nationality and the estimations are based on the datasets of 37 source countries for 2001-2019 years. According to the calculated market structure indicators, the tourism source market concentrated in the early 2000s and diversified in the last years of the research period. Findings of the system GMM indicated that the tourism source market concentration boosts and diversification weakens the tourism demand for Antalya. In other words, tourism demand, which comes predominantly or intensively from a small number of countries, increases this demand.
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    Does tourism type concentration/diversification boost inbound tourism revenues in Turkiye?
    (Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2024) Agazade, Seymur
    This study investigates the impact of tourism type concentration/diversification on tourism revenues in Turkiye. For this purpose, the study calculates an indicator that measures tourism type concentration using the normalized Herfindahl Hirschman Index (HHI) and the number of tourists in 10 different categories according to their purpose of visit and subsequently, examines the effect of this concentration in a model estimated for inbound tourism revenues. Findings of the study based on the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model indicate that tourism type concentration positively affects inbound tourism revenues. More precisely, it was found that a certain increase in the concentration (decrease in the diversification) level causes an increase (a decrease) in inbound tourism revenues at approximately the same percentage.
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    Energy Productivity Convergence in Eastern European Countries: A Panel Data Approach
    (Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2021) Agazade, Seymur
    This paper empirically investigates energy productivity convergence across Eastern European Countries. The analysis is performed by using two different models of beta-convergence and panel data methods. Analysis reveals that a 1% decrease in energy productivity of the initial year and the previous year associates with a 1.4059% increase in the average annual growth rate of energy productivity calculated relative to the initial year and a 1.4830% increase in the growth rate of energy productivity calculated relative to the previous year. These findings support energy productivity convergence among sample countries; however, beta-coefficients indicate to the weakness of this convergence.
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    Foreign Direct Investments and Tourism: A Cross-Section Analysis
    (Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2023) Agazade, Seymur; Karasakaloglu, Burcu
    This study investigates the effect of foreign direct investments (FDI) on tourism using cross-sectional data for 135 countries and their high- and middle-income subgroups. The study takes three different tourism performance indicators into account: travel and tourism GDP, international tourism receipts, and international tourist arrivals. The findings support that FDI positively affects all three tourism performance indicators. Furthermore, this effect is observed to be at the highest level on the international tourism receipts and at the lowest level on travel and tourism GDP. These results indicate that FDI affects international tourism considerably more than it does domestic tourism; it also boosts the tourism sector of the host countries in terms of brand value or market power. In addition, the results for the high- and middle-income countries are in accordance with the theoretical expectations of neoclassical economics in that FDI affects tourism more in middle-income countries.
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    Health Tourism Revenues and Real Exchange Rate Relationship in Turkiye
    (Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2024) Agazade, Seymur; Ergun, Adviye
    The international nature of health tourism, which has an increasing importance, makes its interaction with the real exchange rate a prominent research topic. On this basis, this study aims to examine the relationship between health tourism revenues and real exchange rate for Turkiye, and to determine to what extent the preferences of health tourists traveling to this country are price- or cost-centered. For this purpose, Johansen cointegration and Granger causality analyses and the dataset for the period Q1 2002 - Q4 2019 were used. Findings of cointegration analysis supported that there is a long-term relationship between real exchange rate and health tourism revenues. Accordingly, a 1% change in all, developed, and developing trading partner countries based real exchange rate causes a change of 2.4065%, 2.6108%, and 2.1383% in health tourism revenues in reverse direction, respectively. These findings indicate that health tourism revenues are highly sensitive to the changes in real exchange rates. Furthermore, Granger causality analysis supported a one-way causal relationship from all three real exchange rates to health tourism revenues. Considering the findings, it is possible to state despite the high quality of health services in Turkiye, prices or costs are significantly effective in the decisions of health tourists.
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    Is the volatility of international tourism revenues affected by tourism source market structure? An empirical analysis of Turkey
    (Sage Publications Ltd, 2023) Agazade, Seymur; Tukenmez, Egemen Gunes; Uzun, Merve
    This study examines the effect of tourism source market structure on the volatility of tourism revenues in Turkey, using the number of tourists according to nationality and the data on international tourism revenues. The tourism source market structure was measured using the normalized Herfindahl-Hirschman index and the relative entropy index, which is based on the number of tourists visiting Turkey from 107 source markets. The volatility of tourism revenues and the effect of tourism source market structure on this volatility were assessed using the autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ARCH) method. The results show that both variables measuring tourism source market structure affect the volatility of tourism revenues. Accordingly, the concentration of the tourism source market increases the volatility of tourism revenues, whereas source market diversification decreases it.
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    Is there a global trend toward better energy structure? Convergence analysis of energy diversification
    (Taylor & Francis Inc, 2026) Agazade, Seymur
    Energy diversification can be seen as an effective strategy to cope with energy security risks, environmental sustainability concerns and increasing energy demand. On the other hand, convergence of energy diversification across countries is linked to the foundation of global cooperation, which is essential to prevent environmental degradation. In this regard, this study calculates energy diversification for 135 countries and examines convergence in this diversification for these countries and their different subgroups. Findings supported convergence for all country groups and indicated low convergence rates. This result points to the difficulties of switching energy systems used by current production structures. Furthermore, the convergence rate was found to be relatively higher in middle-income countries compared to the low- and high-income ones. For low-income countries, this indicates weak motivations, market incentives and societal pressures in energy diversification. For high-income countries, on the other hand, low convergence speed points to the technological constraints of energy diversification. Finally, the findings show that fossil energy abundance alone does not make a difference in energy diversification. Therefore, taking the structure of the energy sector and power of conventional energy firms into account in government support or policy measures for diversification may be useful to achieve low-carbon energy transition.
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    Medical Tourism Demand to Turkiye: Sub-Sectoral Panel Data Estimations
    (Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2025) Agazade, Seymur; Ergun, Adviye
    This study examines the medical tourism demand in terms of determining factors by using aggregated data according to the scales of the firms operating in health services sector of Turkiye. Health supply conditions, marketing activities, real exchange rate and tourist income are considered as explanatory variables in the medical tourism demand function estimated within the framework of the panel generalized method of moments (GMM). The annual data covers the period 2009-2019. The findings show that medical tourism revenues of the country are affected positively by its lagged value, tourist income, health supply conditions and marketing activities, and negatively by the real exchange rate. Furthermore, the findings indicate that medical tourism to Turkiye is more strongly affected by tourist income and especially by real exchange rate compared to other explanatory variables of the estimated model. This conclusion supports that price-based preferences of medical tourists are significantly stronger in the medical tourism demand for Turkiye, despite the significant progress in health service delivery and health supply conditions in this country.
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    The effect of cultural exports on inbound tourism: An empirical analysis of Turkiye
    (Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2023) Agazade, Seymur
    The interest and awareness hypothesis predicts that exports positively affect inbound tourism. It may be a more reasonable expectation that this effect is especially provided for cultural exports. In this context, this study investigates the effect of cultural exports on tourism for Turkiye. Findings supported the cointegration relationship among the number of tourists, tourist income, real exchange rate and cultural exports. According to the long-run ARDL model, a 1% increase in cultural exports causes a 0.2844% increase in the number of tourists. Furthermore, the results obtained regarding the effect of tourist income and real exchange rate were consistent with expectations.
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    The effect of government investments on the environment: An empirical investigation of OECD countries
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2024) Agazade, Seymur
    Sustainable development and climate change mitigation have become key priorities of economic policy. These priorities also remain relevant in the government investments. However, theoretical approaches indicate that government investments have both favourable and detrimental effects on environmental quality. Besides, the current literature has dealt with the impact of government expenditures in general. Based on this theoretical foundation and literature motivation this study addresses the impact of government investments on carbon emissions, in the case of 38 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries. For this purpose, in the models estimated for 2 different indicators of carbon emission, besides the lagged carbon emissions, income level, industrial production, energy intensity and renewable energy variables, government investments were also included into the analysis as additional explanatory variable. Considering the dynamic nature of our model, we implemented the system generalized method of moments on panel data and the findings of all different estimates demonstrate that government investments increase environmental pollution. Furthermore, our findings indicate that the path dependence of carbon emissions is strong and point to the carbon-mitigating effect of income level and renewables, and the carbon-increasing effect of industrial production and energy intensity. Our results support the pro-market view on the environmental impact of government investments and point to environmental efficiency problems arising from the decision-making processes of government investments. Furthermore, our results are not in favor of the opinion that government investments are decided based on social costs and social benefits, including externalities, and therefore have a long-term sustainability perspective.
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    The effect of tourism source market structure on international tourism revenues in Turkey
    (Sage Publications Ltd, 2022) Agazade, Seymur
    The current study calculates an indicator of tourism source market structure and investigates its impact on international tourism revenues in Turkey. This structure may influence the tourism performance through its consequences on the competitiveness and risk structure of the sector. The calculation of tourism source market structure in this study is based on the normalized Herfindahl-Hirschman Index and number of tourists by nationality. The ARDL co-integration framework is the method used and the estimation covers the period between January 2008 and September 2019. The calculated tourism source market structure indicator showed decreasing trend in the research period indicating that the tourism source market diversified in some extent. The co-integration is supported, and in the long-term model a 1% decrease in the tourism source market concentration found to increase international tourism revenues by 1.9078%. Furthermore, the error correction model indicated that it takes 7.16 months for deviations from the long-run relationship to return to the equilibrium.
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    Travel for health as a type of niche tourism and economic growth: A cross-country panel data analysis
    (Wiley, 2024) Agazade, Seymur
    Although the potential of the health tourism to support economic growth can be based on strong theoretical foundations, it is also argued that this tourism type may hinder economic growth by weakening labor productivity. On this basis, the present study aims to examine the effect of health tourism on economic growth. The study uses panel data fixed effects method with Driscoll-Kraay standard errors and dataset of 72 countries. The findings strongly supported that health tourism boosts economic growth. To be more precise, it was estimated that a one-point increase in health tourism revenues, expressed as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) of personal health travel exports, causes an increase of 4.9345 in GDP growth rate and 4.2558 in per capita GDP growth rate. Furthermore, the negative growth effect of health tourism through labor productivity, which is theoretically proposed and expressed as crowding-out effect, was not supported by the findings.