Ogmen, EsraBuyuksirit-Bedir, TubaGolge, OzgurKabak, Bulent2026-01-242026-01-2420260956-71351873-7129https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2025.111920https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12868/5693Pesticide residues in processed fruit products such as raisins are of growing concern due to potential dietary exposure risks. In this study, 100 Turkish raisin samples were analyzed for 290 multi-class pesticides using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for volatile compounds and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for non-volatile compounds. A total of 45 different residues were detected, including fourteen pesticides not approved in the EU. Acetamiprid was the predominant residue (29 % of the samples), reaching levels up to 23.4 times higher than its derived maximum residue level, followed by metalaxyl (27 %), pyrimethanil (25 %), and pyriproxyfen (24 %). Chronic dietary exposure was evaluated using both deterministic and probabilistic (Monte Carlo simulation) approaches. The deterministic chronic hazard index (HIc) values were 0.0011 and 0.0014 for adults and children, respectively, whereas probabilistic simulations yielded mean HIc values of 0.0054 and 0.0070, confirming that chronic dietary exposure poses negligible health risks (HIc < 1). However, acute exposure analysis revealed potential short-term risks for both adults and children, primarily driven by acetamiprid and alpha-cypermethrin. These results highlight the persistence of certain systemic insecticides and the continued use of non-approved compounds despite regulatory restrictions, emphasizing the need for enhanced monitoring programs and stricter regulatory enforcement to ensure food safety.eninfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccessDried grapesMulti-class pesticidesAcetamipridFood safetyRisk assessmentHazard indexArticle10.1016/j.foodcont.2025.1119201832-s2.0-105024591089Q1WOS:001641993900001Q1